1. What is the Central Dogma?
a. Flow of information: DNA -> RNA -> protein
2. What isspecialization?
a. =Differentiation: which genes are expressed
... [Show More] determine cell fate and function
3. What is the cell theory?
a. Cells arise from existing cells; spontaneous generation does not occur
4. Describe confocal microscopy
a. Machine scans a laser beam across the image at a specific depth (optical section)
5. Compare Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
a. TEM: Electrons going through specimen; need very thin specimen (thinner than
hair)
b. SEM: Looking at surface detail; electrons aimed back and forth across specimen.
Collect e- that bounce off
6.
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
No organelles Distinct organelles
DNA not organized in nucleus Double membrane-bound nucleus
Single celled; Two domains: Bacteria
and Archaea
Both single and multicellular organisms
7. Cell Organelles and their functions
a. Mitochondria: Provide energy for the cell – synthesis of ATP through cellular
respiration
b. Chloroplasts: Responsible for photosynthesis in Eukaryotic cells(plants, algae)
i. Chlorophyll -> absorb sunlight -> drive ATP synthesis
c. Cytosol = cytoplasm: membrane bound structures and cytoskeleton
d. Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis of most cell-membrane components and
secreted proteins; some protein modifications
e. Golgi apparatus: Further protein modification; sorting, directing of materialsfor
transport within a cell; packaging for secretion
f. Lysosomes: Site of intracellular digestion
g. Peroxisomes: Production of H2O2, catalase (lipid metabolism and detoxification)
h. Cytoskeleton: Controlsinternal organization – structure, movement
i. Microfilaments: contraction, movement; ~5 nm diameter
ii. Microtubules: vesicle transport, separation of chromatids; ~25 nm
diameter
iii. Intermediate filaments: mechanical strength; ~8-10 nm diameter
8. What is a model organism and what are some examples?
a. Representative organismsthat are amenable to study
b. Ex: E. coli, Drosphilia (fruit fly), M. musculus (mouse), Arabidopsis
9. What does it mean for genes to be homologous?
a. The genes have a common ancestry [Show Less]