1. What are the two body defenses against infection? - ✔✔Non-Specific defenses and Specific Defenses.
2. List the non-specific defenses. -
... [Show More] ✔✔Skin, tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus, vomiting, urination, defecation and resident bacteria.
3. What are two microorganizms that can pentrate intact skin? - ✔✔Staph. Aureus and tulaemia (rabbit fever)
4. What are most non-specific chemicals in the body made off? - ✔✔Protein.
5. What are the three functions of inflammation? - ✔✔1) localize any harmful agent (the cause of the infection) 2) Destroy the harmful agent-by the process of phagocytosis 3) remove the harmful agent from the body. (localize, destroy and remove)--Inflammation causes phagocytes to jump into action.
6. What are the symptoms of lukemia? - ✔✔Anemia, easy bruising/bleeding, high risk infection.
7. What are the four symptoms of inflammation? - ✔✔1) Redness (rubar)
2) Heat (calor)
3) Pain (dolor)
4) Swelling (tumor)
8. What is exudate? - ✔✔All the dead stuff that is left over after the immune system has responded to a foreign body.
9. What is an epitope? - ✔✔chemical part of an antigen that reacts with a part of the antibody. (the epitope is part of the antigen (part of the criminal)
10. What is an antibody? - ✔✔a protein that the immune system makes in response to the antigen
11. What is an antigen? - ✔✔any substance foreign to the circulation of the body which stimulates the production of specific antibodies, by the immune system. An antigen could be a bacteria, virus, yeast, mold, protozoan (the antigen is the cause of the infection). Can also be just a part of an organism.
12. What are the two types of specific immunity? - ✔✔Humoral and cellular immunity
13. Define what Immunoglobulin G (IgG) does and how it is created. - ✔✔About 80% of all antibodies. This antibody is produced in the secondary exposure to a specific antigen. IgG will cross the placenta. This antibody is for all 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so on exposures to an antigen. This antibody comes from IgM (which is a very large molecule). This antibody will cross the placenta barrier.
14. Define what IgM is, and how it works in the body. - ✔✔IgM molecule as 5 FAB ends and 5 joined FAC ends. IgM cannot be phagocyte by the white blood cells because all the FC ends are attached. IgM makes up about 6-8% of all blood antibodies, it is produced in the primary exposure to a specific antigen, and it will NOT cross the placenta because it is too large of a molecule. This antibody comes out when you are FIRST exposed to an antigen.
15. What is IgA, where does it come from and where is it found? - ✔✔This antibody comes from IgM--this antibody makes up 10-13% of blood antibodies and is produced in the 2nd exposure. Will cross the placenta. Also found in other body secretions (other than blood). IgA is called the secreatory antibody (secretory meaning in secretions). This is important for fighting infections that are not in our blood, secretions such as mucus, tears, spinal fluid, colostrums (initial secretion that is expressed), Brest milk, urine, genital secretions all contain IgA.
16. What is an epitope? - ✔✔An epitope is the chemical part of an antigen that reacts with a part of the antibody. (the epitope is part of the antigen (part of the criminal)
17. What is the antibody IgE responsible for in the body? - ✔✔IgE molecules attach specifically to very large antigens. Then a special type of white blood cell called a Natural Killer cell (NK cell) this is a very aggressive phagocyte attaches to the FCN. Natural killer cells will secrete digestive enzymes onto the surface of the large antigen and this will allow the Natural killer cell to can digest the antigen on the outside rather then phagocitizing the antigen. (this is the worm antibody)
18. When we vaccinate people what is happening? [Show Less]