Cardiovascular Exam 3 Solved Solution
2023 A+
lungs - >>The heart is a double pump: the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the
_______ for
... [Show More] oxygenation.
systemic circulation (the body) - >>The heart is a double pump: the left side pumps
oxygen-rich blood into ________.
heart failure - >>the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's
metabolic needs.
ejection fraction - >>the percentage of blood the left ventricle ejects when it contracts
55% - >>normally, a health heart ejects ____% or more of the blood that fills the left
ventricle during diastole.
echo-cardiogram - >>the heart's ejection fraction is measured using an _________
congestive heart failure (CHF) - >>the accumulation of blood and fluid in organs and
tissues from impaired circulation.
acute heart failure - >>SUDDEN change in hearts ability to contract
chronic heart failure - >>when hearts ability to pump effectively is gradually
compromised & it's impaired contractility remains prolonged.
Class 1 - >>(mild) physical activity does not cause fatigue, palpitations, or dyspnea. pt
does not experience any limitation of activity.
Class 2 - >>(mild) client is comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in
fatigue, palpitations, & dyspnea
Class 3 - >>(moderate) marked limitation of physical activity. client is comfortable at
rest, but less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitations, or dyspnea
Class 4 - >>(severe) unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort.
left sided heart failure - >>results from various conditions that impair the left ventricles
ability to eject blood into aorta
right sided heart failure - >>occurs when the right ventricle fails to eject its total diastolic
filling volume into the pulmonary artery, causing congestion of blood in the venous
vascular system.
left side heart failure & COPD (contributes) - >>major cause of right side heart failure is
______ & _____ also can contribute.
primary mechanism that can cause heart failure - >>left or right ventricles inability of
heart muscle to contract because of direct damage to muscular wall.
secondary mechanism that can cause heart failure - >>occurs when pumping chambers
enlarge & weaken, as in cardiomyopathy & hypertension, making it impossible to eject
all blood.
pulmonary vascular bed - >>the capillary network surrounding the alveoli
increased vascular bed congestion - >>______ causes fluid to move into alveoli. Gas
exchange is impaired, cells become hypoxic & CO2 accumulates in the blood
afterload - >>the FORCE that the ventricle MUST OVERCOME TO EMPTY its diastolic
blood volume when it contracts during systole
preload - >>stretch of ventricle when it FILLS WITH BLOOD during diastole (at rest)
chronic respiratory disorders - >>clients with ________ tend to develop right sided heart
failure as a consequence of Cor Pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale - >>conditon in which the heart (Cor) is affected secondarily by lung
damage (pulmonale) and causes pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction.
pulmonary hypertension - >>elevated pressure in pulmonary arterial system. Causes R
vent. to have to pump against increased pressure gradient. R vent. enlarges & weakens
under increased workload, leading to failure.
compensatory mechanisms - >>the body uses certain ________ designed to increase
stroke volume and maintain BP.
temporarily - >>compensatory mechanisms ________ improve the clients cardiac
output but ultimately fail when contractility is further compromised.
catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) - >>decreased BP stimulates
sympathetic nervous system to release _____ to increase heart rate & BP.
myocardial oxygen demand - >>amount of O2 the heart needs to perform its work
sympathetic nervous system stimulation - >>______causes body to shunt blood to vital
organs & decrease blood supply to kidneys.
renin - >>the kidneys secrete ______in response activating renin-angiotensinaldosterone mechanism [Show Less]