Ascending Aorta - -begins from the aortic valve and extends from the left ventricle of the heart to the aortic arch.
-Supplies the Coronary
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Aortic Arch - Supplies the Brachiocephalic Artery,
Left Common Carotid Artery, and the Left Subclavian Artery
Descending Aorta - major portion of the aorta that extends from the aortic arch to the trunk of the body. It forms the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta.
Coronary Arteries and the myocardium are perfused during - diastole
P- wave represents - atrial depolarization
Q wave represents - beginning of ventricular depolarization
Inferior chest leads - II, III, aVF
RCA occlusion
Anterior chest leads - V3, V4
LAD occlusion
Septal chest leads - V1, V2
LAD occlusion
Lateral chest leads - I, aVL, V5,V6
Circumflex occlusion
T wave represents - ventricular repolarization
Sympathetic nervous system releases - norepinephrine ( causes pupil dilation, increased sweating, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure)
Parasympathetic nervous system releases - acetylcholine (decreases heart rate, decreases blood pressure, pupils constrict, increases digestion and urinary output)
RCA supplies - Right atrium, right ventricle, SA/AV nodes, posterior portion of right bundle branch
Occlusion causes AV blocks and bradycardias
Circumflex artery supplies - side wall of the left ventricle and posterior portion of Left bundle branch
LAD supplies - Anterior portion of heart, portion of the septum, left ventricle, left bundle branch
Occlusion causes BBB's, Vtach, Vfib
Peripheral vascular resistance - a resistance to the flow of blood determined by the tone of the vascular musculature and the diameter of the blood vessels.
It is responsible for blood pressure when coupled with stroke volume.
Cardiac output - Stroke volume x heart rate
Preload - volume returned to the heart. The force exerted on the walls of ventricle at the end of diastole
Contractility - force of myocardial contraction
After load - pump or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to open the semilunar valves
normal stroke volume - 60-130 mL's each beat
4-6 L per minute
Frank-Starling's Law of the Heart - to a point, the greater the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, the more forceful the cardiac contraction
Estrogen - decreases LDL oxidation, promotes endothelial vasodilation and enhances glucose metabolism
# 1 risk factor of stroke - HTN
Sleep Apnea - causes decreased cerebral perfusion, increases coagulability and diurnal HTN
Prehypertension - 120-139 mmHg/ 80-89 mmHg
Hypertension stage 1 - BP greater than 140-159mmHg/ 90-99 mmHg
Abdominal obesity - waist circumference greater than >40inches in men
smh > 35 inches in women
AHA exercise recommendations - 30-60 minutes of vigorous activity 3-4 days/week at 50-75% of maximum heart rate for healthy people
Hypertension stage 2 - SBP> 160 mmHg or DBP >100 mmHg
Stage 1 treatment for uncomplicated HTN - Thiazide diuretics
DASH diet - 27% Fat (less than 8% from saturated fats)
18% Protein
55% Carb
1,500-3,000 mg NA
Aortic Stenosis - Narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve.
Normally a tricuspid valve
Causes- Bicuspid valve (2 cusps doing the work of 3)
-Calcification
-Rheumatic Heart disease of fever (more common with mitral stenosis
Remember SAD for side effects (Syncope, Angina, Dyspnea), Pulsus parvus et tardus, LVH (blood backs up into the left ventricle), anemia
Aortic stenosis murmur - systolic ejection murmur heard at 2nd intercostal space left sternal border s4 heart sounds
Pulsus parvus et tardus - smaller weak pulse that is slow to rise
ischemia - Decreased blood flow that is reversible
EKG shows St depression, T-wave inversion
Injury - Lack of blood flow to the heart that persists beyond the ischemic phase. Full muscle thickness damage.
EKG shows ST elevation
Infarct - Irreversible myocardial necrosis
EKG shows Q-wave abnormality
Acute Coronary Syndrome - Unstable angina, Stemi, Non-stemi
pulsus paroxodus - An alteration of the blood pressure on inspiration
Aortic regurgitation - floppy valve causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle (increases preload).
Causes- rheumatic heart disease (#1 cause)
marfan syndrome, infective endocarditis, trauma
signs- Widened pulse pressure, cough, SOB, pulmonary congestion, DeMusset's sign (head shaking with pulse)
Aortic regurgitation murmur - Early diastolic murmur heard upon left sternal border [Show Less]