Cardiac Exam 3 Q&A Verified Solution
2023 A+
S1 - >>Normal heart sound linked to closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves. Marks
the onset of
... [Show More] systole and is best heard with diaghragm at the apex and left sternal
border.
S2 - >>Related to the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves and is heard best with
the diaphragm at aortic area. It signifies the end of systole and onset of diastole.
Tachypnea - >>Rapid respirations associated with pain and anxiety. Also a
compensatory mechanism in heart failure and pulmonary edema.
Cheyne stokes respirations - >>abnormal periods of breathing alternating with periods
of apnea
Complete blood cell count - >>test that Measures RBC, hematocrit, WBC
cardiac enzymes - >>Special proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living cells.
Present in high concentrations in myocardial tissue. Tissue damage causes release of
these proteins from their inrtacellular storage area. Levels reflect myocardial integrity or
infarction.
Skeletal muscle creatine kinase - >>CK-MM
Myocardial muscle creatine kinase - >>CK-MB
Brain creatine kinase - >>CK-BB
Blood coagulation tests - >>tests used to examine the ability of blood to clot. reflects
prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. Increase in lab values during MI.
Serum lipids - >>Test that reflects cholesterol levels. If these levels are elevated, it is a
major risk factor of developing athersclerosis.
Serum Electrolytes - >>Test measuring levels of electrolytes. Cardiovascular disorders
can alter levels.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatanine - >>test in which levels can indicate renal
function. Can indicate cardiogenic shock as this disease affects renal circulation. Levels
also elevated in kidney disease.
Blood Glucose - >>Test measures amount of glucose in the blood. Stress of a acute
cardiac event can greatly elevate this level causing unstable hyperglycemia.
electrocardiogram - >>An essential tool in evaluating heart rhythms. Detects and
amplifies the very small electrical potential changes between different points on the
surface of the body as the myocardial cells depolarize and re-polarize, causing the heart
to contract.
Doppler ultrasonography - >>hand held instrument which permits assessment through
evaluation of audible arterial signals or measurement of limb blood pressures
Exercise testing - >>Test in which subject walks on treadmill to test activity tolerance. If
the subject walks less than 1 minute, could indicate serious cardiac problem
Exercise electrocardiogram - >>Stress testing. Exercise tolerance test in which subject
walks a treadmill with an ECG connected.
electrophysiologic studies - >>Invasive method of recording intracardiac electrical
activity. used to provide information on the mechanisms of cardiac abnormalities
(Dysrhythmias, SA or AV node dysfuntion, Etc.)
Cardiac catherization - >>*gold standard in coronary imaging
Invasive procedure study used to measure cardiac chamber (intracardiac) pressures,
assess patency of coronary arteries, O2 levels, CO, and EF. Requires ecg,
hemodynamic monitoring, and emergency equipment must be available. confirms a
diagnosis of heart disease and its extent. Determines cardiac output. Common
outpatient procedure. Provides info about CAD, coronary spasm, congential and
valvular heart dz, and ventricular fxn. Catheter is inserted either through arm (basilic or
cephalic) or leg (femoral) vein.
-complications: bleeding/hematoma at puncture site;allergic rxn to contrast; looping,
kinking, breaking off the catheter; infxn; thrombus formation; aortic dissection;
dysrhythmias; MIs; strok; puncture of the ventricles, cardiac septum, or lung tissue;
rarely death
angiography - >>invovles the injection of contrast material directly into the coronary
arteries during cardiac catherterization. Series of x-ray films are taken that reveal the
course of the contrast material as it circulates through the heart, lungs, and great
vessels.
cardiovascular disease - >>the #1 cause of death in the USA
Coronary athersclerosis - >>Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits within arterial walls
and lumen. blockages reduce blood flow to the heart.
- Risk factors include age, sex, heredity, cigarette smoking, hypertension, high
cholesterol, DM, inactivity, obesity.
- progressive dz [Show Less]