CALT EXAM Questions and Answers Latest
Suprasegmental - Correct AnswersAspect of Language
(intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, juncture -
... [Show More] (the set of features in speech that enable a hearer to detect a word or phrase boundary), and speaking rate)
Segmental - Correct AnswersAspect of Language
(phonemes - vowels & consonants)
Phonoligical Awareness - Correct AnswersThe knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure of language (umbrella term)
It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities
Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds, and segmenting syllables into phonemes
Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing sounds into words
Dysarthria - Correct AnswersA disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the tongue, throat, lips, or lungs
Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with articulation)
Dyspraxia - Correct AnswersSensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles, such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently received
Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to
Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement
Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds
(a person is born with dyspraxia)
Phonemic Awareness - Correct AnswersAwareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words
Phonetics - Correct AnswersThe study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and perceived
Alphabetic Principle - Correct AnswersThe concept that letters on a page represent or map onto the sounds in spoken words
Alphabetic Language - Correct AnswersA language, such as English, in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes
Logographic Writing System - Correct AnswersA system in which pictures represent the words of a language, such as Chinese
If English was treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 700,000 symbols
Grapheme - Correct AnswersA written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound
Ex: i, igh
Phonics - Correct AnswersAn approach to teaching reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-symbol relationships
Sound + Letters
Euphony - Correct AnswersWords formed or combined as to please the ear
The tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation
6 Kinds of Syllables - Correct AnswersOpen
Closed
Vowel - Consonant - e
Final Stable Syllable
Vowel Pair
Vowel - r
Naughty i - Correct AnswersThe vowel i is naughty when it is before a final stable syllable in a words with three or more syllables
It will be short and coded with a breve
Ex: Tra di [tion
Base Word - Correct AnswersThe simplest form of any English word to which affixes may be added
A base word is always a complete English word when it stands alone
Strephosymbolia (1925) - Correct Answers(Twisted Symbols)
Dr. Orton coined the term to describe a condition he observed in his patients
"Word Blindness"
Samuel T. Orton - Correct Answers(Father of Dyslexia)
Identified the syndrome of "specific language disabilities"
Separated disabled readers from students with mental retardation, brain damage, and primary emotional disorders
Proposed a system for diagnosis
Outlined principles of remediation for disabled readers
Dysgraphia - Correct AnswersUnsure of handedness, poor or slow handwriting, messy and unorganized papers, difficulty copying, poor fine motor skills, difficulty remembering the kinesthetic movement to form letters correctly
Stop Sounds - Correct AnswersThese are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air
A consonant that is produced with a complete obstruction of air
It is with these letters: p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricative - Correct AnswersA consonant produced by a partial obstruction of the airflow, which creates friction and a slight hissing noise
Voiced Ex: /f/, /v/, /th/
Unvoiced Ex: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/
Affricate - Correct AnswersConsonant speech sound articulated as a stop consonant followed by a fricative
Ex: /ch/, /j/
Phonological Processing - Correct AnswersAn umbrella term for a large category of oral language processing abilities that are related to the sounds in words and are associated with the ability to read well
Identify the Stages of Expressive Written Language Development (Phrases of Writing) - Correct AnswersStage 1 - Imitation (preschool - 1st grade)
Stage 2 - Graphic Presentation (1st grade - 2nd grade)
Stage 3 - Progressive Incorporation (late 2nd grade - 4th grade)
Stage 4 - Automization (4th grade - 7th grade)
Stage 5 - Elaboration (7th grade - 9th grade)
Stage 6 - Personalization - Diversification (9th grade - and beyond)
Domains of Language (6) - Correct AnswersPPOSS/u/M
Pragmatics
Phonology
Orthography
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Pragmatics - Correct AnswersUse
Using language in specific situations, understanding the feelings/emotions of characters, understanding how characters treat each other
Use of Conversational skills
(requesting, turn taking, topic contingency (staying on topic), and topic development)
Understanding figurative language (metaphors, similes, idioms)
Begins at an oral level
Phonology - Correct AnswersForm
Sound structure of language/How sounds operate
Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness
Production of sounds (phonetics)
Begins at oral level
Orthography - Correct AnswersForm
Understand and recognize patterns of written language
Sound/symbol correspondence, letter recognition, common letter patterns for reading, syllable types, syllable division patterns, syllable patterns, rules, irregular words, fluency
Begins at written level
Syntax - Correct AnswersForm
Use appropriate grammar in oral and written language
Grammatical structure of language, sentence structure, grammar
Begins at oral level
Semantics - Correct AnswersMeaning
Meaning conveyed by language - (vocabulary knowledge)
Text comprehension
Begins at oral level
Morphology - Correct AnswersForm
Study of meaning carry units of words, ways words are formed and related to one another
Identify suffixes, prefixes, base words, roots, and combining forms)
Understanding meaning and usage of word parts in oral and written language
Begins at the oral level
Rapid Letter Naming is key to.... - Correct AnswersReading with speed and accuracy
Decoding and Encoding refer to.... - Correct AnswersApplying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning
504 refers to a section of.... - Correct AnswersThe Rehabilitation Act of 1973
504 is federal law that is NOT federally funded
An appropriate education for a student with a disability under the Section 504 regulations could consist of.... - Correct AnswersEducation in regular classroom
Education in regular classroom with supplementary services
Special education and related services
Texas Education Code 38.003 - Correct AnswersState law
Requires testing
Requires students enrolled in public school to be tested for dyslexia
Requires treatment (teaching)
State Board of Education (SBOE) administers
Texas Education Code 28.06 - Correct AnswersState law
Requires administration of reading instruments to diagnose reading problems
Each district does/has to notify parent and provide instruction
The National Reading Panel (NRP) - "The Big 5" - Correct Answers5 essential components of reading:
1. Explicit instruction in PHONEMIC AWARENESS
2. Systematic PHONICS instruction
3. Techniques to improve FLUENCY (accuracy, speed, understanding, and prosody)
4. VOCABULARY development
5. Reading COMPREHENSION
Which domains are involved in spelling? - Correct AnswersOrthography + Phonology
Semantics + Syntax
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - 504 - Correct AnswersFederal Law
Nondiscrimination on the basis of handicap in programs receiving federal $$.
Civil Rights Law - to protect people with disabilities by allowing full participation in the workplace
Does not provide funding but can without federal funding
Public schools receive federal funding so law applies
Why should children read nonsense words? - Correct AnswersTo build fluency, also called word attack skills
Texas administrative Code 74 28 - Correct AnswersState Board of Education Rule:
-District board of trustee must make sure dyslexic procedures are given to the districts
-Districts must use approved strategies for screening and treating dyslexia
-State board of education does not recommend programs or provide guidelines and descriptions
-Instruction must be at students campus
-Districts must notify parents prior to testing, this is their rights under 504
-Early identification must be available
-Districts must provide a parent educational program
Expressive Language - Correct AnswersForm, Use, Context
-The ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning
Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act - IDEA Revision 2008 - Correct Answers-Law created to make available a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to eligible children with disabilities throughout the national and ensures special education and related services
-December 1, 2008 Revision: Clarify and strengthen current federal regulations regarding parental consent, hearing rights, state monitoring and enforcement
Schwa - Correct AnswersThe unaccented vowel and unaccented syllable
Makes an "uh" sound
Ex: The first + last a is schwa in America
Multisensory - Correct AnswersUsing more than one of the senses:
visual- what you see
auditory- what you hear
tactile- what you touch and handle
The word 'brown" - Correct Answers-Irregular for spelling because "ow" is typically in the final position
-Regular for reading
The word "look" - Correct AnswersRegular for reading and spelling
What origin is "gym" like gymnasium? - Correct AnswersGreek
Greek word clues - Correct Answers-words with ph
-ch pronounced /k/
-long words with the letter k (kilometer, kinescope)
-long/short unfamiliar words with th (athlete, theme)
-words with medial y (gymnastics)
-words related to olympics and theatre
-words with /rh/ (rhyme)
-words with "ology" (biology)
-words with silent p (pneumonia, psychology)
Teachers suspects a problem & tracks student performance with running records... what type of assessment? - Correct AnswersFormative assessment (daily or weekly...informal)
Which domain do synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms belong-to? - Correct AnswersMorphology or semantics (depending on what is listed)
Which helps a child develop language? - Correct Answers----> READ BOOKS ALOUD <---
-write name
-sing ABC's
-communicate with children
FLOSS Rule - Correct Answers-one syllable base word
-a short vowel
-ends in f, l, or s
Ex: Staff, Doll, Miss
Rabbit Rule - Correct Answers-two-syllable base word
-short vowel
-one medial consonant sound
Ex: Muffin, tennis, mitten
Doubling Rule - Correct AnswersIf Base word ends in:
-One vowel
-One consonant
-One accent
-Vowel suffix
double the final consonant
Ex: run + er = runner, hop + ed = hopped
Dropping Rule - Correct AnswersIf a base word ends in:
-a final silent e
-vowel suffix
drop the silent e
Ex: drive + ing = driving, hope + ed = hoped
Changing Rule - Correct AnswersIf the base word end in:
-a consonant
-final y
-suffix that does not begin with i
change the y to i before adding the suffix
Ex: Happy + ness = happiness, penny + less = penniless
ADHD Testing - Correct AnswersConners Rating Scale
(shows ADHD symptoms and severity)
Diphthong - Correct AnswersThe sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds
Ex: oi, oy, ou, ow
Who did not believe in coding/phonological awareness? - Correct AnswersKenneth Goodman
(He liked whole language)
Which is not a combinations of "er" - Correct AnswersBerry - vrr (vowel r r is not the same as vr)
Ladder of Language Acquisition - Correct AnswersSix Stages:
1. Pre-productions (0-6 months)
2. Early production (6 mo - 1 year)
3. Speech, emergence ( 1 - 3 years)
4. beginning, fluency
5. intermediate fluency (3 - 5 years)
6. advanced fluency (5 - 7 years)
See teacher that diagnosis a student at the ball park... what to do? - Correct AnswersFind the parent, meet in private
Comma and quotations marks - Correct AnswersComma goes inside quotation marks
Which test does not measure phonological awareness? - Correct AnswersPeabody
When reading or spelling a derivative... look at - Correct Answers-the end of the base word
-the beginning of the suffix
Best way to test dyslexia - Correct Answers-make a list
-observation
-parent recommendation
What are the three periods of English? - Correct AnswersOld English - Anglo Saxon
Middle English - Latin
Modern English - Greek
Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 1 - Correct AnswersOften more basic words e.g. "eat"
-number words (one, two, hundred)
-color words (red, blue, green)
-farm, forest, ocean animals (pig, shrimp, deer)
-outer body parts (head, leg, arm)
-short everyday words (run, and, play, the)
-words with gh (laugh, cough, right, high)
-words with ck (pick, duck, sock)
-short words with k (kick, kiss, hook)
-words with kn or gn at beginning (knee, gnat)
-words with tw (twin, between)
Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 2 - Correct Answers-words with wr (write, wrist)
-short words with ch prnounced /ch/ (cheap, bench)
-one-syllable words with tch (witch, hatch)
-one-syllable words with dge (edge, ridge)
-short words with th (this, these, bath)
-words with wh (why, while, when)
-words with double consonant in middle (better)
-words with ow (plow, snow)
-short words with silent letters (thumb, limb, listen)
-short words with unexpected long vowels (wild)
-most pronouns (he, she, us)
-most two-syllable words with cle (twinkle, handle)
-words with ng (song, bring)
Latin Word Clues - Correct Answers-long words 3 or more syllables (marvelous)
-words with ct or pt (act, erupt)
-words with ti or ci pronounced /sh/ (partial, special)
-words with sion or ssion (explosion, passion)
-words with double consonant near initial (illegal)
-words with t pronounced /ch/ (nature)
-words with d pronounced /j/ (educate)
-words with the silent initial h (hour, herb)
-words with ular (regular)
-words with j (joint, jail)
-words that are legal terms (justice, legal)
-words with soft c before c or I (cent, city)
-words with sc pronounced /s/ (science, scissors)
What are Normal Readers? - Correct AnswersAdequate decoding + adequate listening comprehension
What are Dyslexic Readers? - Correct AnswersPoor decoders + adequate listening comprehension
What are Hyprolexic Readers? - Correct AnswersAdequate decoding + poor listening comprehension
What are Garden Variety Readers? - Correct AnswersPoor decoding + poor listening comprehension
Bloom and Lahey (1978) conceptualized three major interactive components of language... what are they? - Correct Answersform, content, use
What areas are under "form"? - Correct AnswersPHONOLOGY (how sounds come together to form a word)
MORPHOLOGY (the study of words/meaning)
SYNTAX (structure of sentences)
Smallest meaningful linguistic unit known is... - Correct AnswersMorphemes
Morpheme added to the end of the base word to change tense but does NOT change the part of speech or meaning of the word. - Correct AnswersInflectional morpheme
Morpheme added to the end of a base word that changes the part of speech or the meaning of a word - Correct AnswersDerivational morpheme
Formative data collection - Correct AnswersProcedure to gather information about a child's progress' in acquiring particular skills or knowledge to be applied to short-term instructional goals (daily of weekly quizzes)
Summative data collection - Correct AnswersProcedure to gather information about the accumulation and integration of knowledge to be applied to long term comprehensive teaching goals (final exams)
A standardize test is an example of a ______________ test. - Correct AnswersFormal
Curriculum referenced test - Correct AnswersComprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum
Norm referenced test - Correct AnswersAn individual's performance is compared to the group that was used to calculate the performance standards
Diagnostic measure - Correct AnswersAssessment that provides a detailed analysis of students strength and weaknesses (iReady diagnostic)
Progress Monitoring - Correct AnswersPeriodic Assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction
DIBLES - Correct AnswersDynamic indicator of Basic Literacy Skills (Good & Kaminski, 2002)
Screenings - Correct AnswersBrief assessments usually performed at the beginning of the school year to help identify students who need extra assistance in certain areas
Pseudowords - Correct AnswersNonsense words
Nasal sound - Correct AnswersA sound produced by forcing air out through the nose
Ex: /m / /n/
Glide sounds - Correct AnswersFlowing
Ex: /w/, /y/
Liquid sounds - Correct AnswersSound produced when the lips and/or tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another
Ex: /l/, /r/
How many graphemes and phonemes in "box"? - Correct AnswersGraphemes - 3
Phonemes - 4 /b/, /o/, /k/, /s/
All one syllable words are accented? true or false - Correct AnswersTRUE
Synthetic phonics instruction - Correct AnswersStudents learn how to change letters or letter combinations into speech sounds and then blend them together to form known words "sounding out"
How parts of the language work together to form a whole
Part to whole
Reading is an example of Synthetic Instruction
all words have same phonemes and graphemes EXCEPT.... - Correct Answerswords with "x" (there will usually be one more phoneme then grapheme because 'x' says /k/, /s/
Reading is ...
Spelling is ... - Correct AnswersReading is decoding
Spelling is encoding
Multisensory Structured Language (How It Is Taught) - Correct AnswersSimultaneous, Multisensory (VAKT - visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile) Uses all pathways of the brain
Systematic and Cumulative
Direct Instruction
Diagnostic Teaching (prescriptive)
Synthetic and Analytic Instruction
Echolalia - Correct AnswersThe immediate and involuntary repetition of words or phrases just spoken by others (sometimes autistic children have this)
The Double Deficit - Correct AnswersInefficient decoding skills and insufficient naming skills
Adolf Kussmaul 1877 - Correct AnswersGerman neurologist
Came up with the terms word blindness and word deafness
considered these conditions to be acquired
Rudolf Berlin 1887 - Correct AnswersGerman Ophthalmologist
Used the term dyslexia to describe the loss of reading ability due to brain injury or disease
Came up with the term dyslexia
James Hinshelwood 1895 - Correct AnswersScottish eye surgeon
Word blindness
Alphabetic method
Multisensory teaching
Considered condition to be hereditary
W. Pringle Morgan 1896 - Correct AnswersEnglish Ophthalmologist
Congenital word blindness
Influenced by Hinshelwood
Considered the condition to be hereditary
Stages of Reading Development - Jeanne S. Chall - Correct AnswersStage 0 (Pre-Reading) 6months - 6years
Playing with language/Recognition of letters/Discovery of books (Solid foundation is built)
Stage 1 (Initial Reading and Decoding) Grade 1 - Beginning Grade 2
Leaning the code/Sight words
Stage 2 (Fluency) Grades 2 - 3
Fluency/Confirmation
Stage 3 (Reading for New Learning) Grades 4 - 9
Reading to learn
Stage 4 (Reading Multiple Viewpoints) High School
A wide range of complex materials
Stage 5 (Construction and Reconstruction)
Anna Gillingham - Correct AnswersPsychologist and Teacher
Analyzed and organized the English language for the teaching procedures that Dr. Orton devised (1930's)
Trained teachers to use this system
Partially Blocked - Correct AnswersA released position of the tongue or lips during the production of a sound
Blocked - Correct AnswersThe steady position of the tongue, teeth, or lips during the entire production of a sound
Dyslexia is - Correct Answers1. unexpected that is neurological in origin
2. It is characterized by difficulties with a. accurate and/or fluent word recognition; b. poor spelling; and decoding abilities;
3. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction [Show Less]