coarticulation
the ability to overlap several phonemes
anaphora
pronouns or articles used to refer to something already
... [Show More] mentioned
appositive
a noun or noun phrase placed after a noun to describe it more fully
model involves two-way connection between context and meaning, and two way connections between orthography and phonology
Rumelhart and Seidenberg's Connectionist Theory
meaning based and code-based strategies are taught together. First order skill are enciphering and deciphering. Second order skills are comprehension/composition. 1st and 2nd order skills are taught together
Farnham-Diggory Model
trade-off of sub processes. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers. Skill of reading as a developing process
Stanovich's Interactive-Compensatory Model
1. Letters are connected with phonemes.
2. Units of letters are connected with parts of spoken speech.
3. Printed word is connected to its meaning. Cipher Sight Reading (words are recognized quickly through Cipher strategy)
Ehri contributions
1. Alphabetic spelling precedes alphabetic reading
2. Dyslexics begin to fall behind in "Alphabetic Phase"
Firth's contributions
1. 1930 (John Dewey) whole word teaching
2. 1960-1970 Language-experience text
3. Chall (1983) direct phonics instruction more successful
4. Adams-importance of connections between meaning "processors" and letter-sound "processors", effective phonics instruction must be linked with language based reading instruction
The Great Debate: Phonics vs. Whole Language
1. The Logographic Phase
2. The Phonetic-Cue Phase (Early Alphabetic)
3. The Cipher or Alphabetic Phase (Mature Alphabetic)
4. The Orthographic Phase
Ehri's Four Phases of Reading Strategy Development (Phases of Word Learning)
Uta Firth-visual cue phase
Pre-phonics lexicon-example (McD sign)
many argue this stage does not exist
The Logographic Phase (Ehri)
Linnea Ehri-Rudimentary alphabetic phase
recall similar letters in words
pre-alphabetic principle phase
The Phonetic-Cue Phase (Early Alphabetic) (Ehri)
Early sight word meaning
Phoneme-Grapheme correspondence
Left to right sounding out letters
Complete phoneme awareness
Alphabetic principle
Accuracy
The Cipher or Alphabetic Phase (Mature Alphabetic) (Ehri)
Reading fluency by sound, syllable morphemes
Whole words. Orthography in Greek means "perfect writing"
Refers to spelling patterns
Onset-rime use in spelling
The Orthographic Phase (Ehri)
1. Imitation
2. Graphic Presentation
3. Progressive Incorporation
4. Automatization
5. Elaboration
Personalization-Diversification
Mel Levine's Developmental Stages of Learning Handwriting
preschool-1st
mimicking of actual writing
motor problems may indicate at risk
hand preference not fully established
Imitation (Mel Levine)
1st-2nd
directionality and laterality
reliance on proprioception
Graphic Presentation (Mel Levine)
2nd-4th
aesthetic production
cursive writing
Progressive Incorporation (Mel Levine)
4th-7th
Increased writing rate and efficiency
grammar usage
Automatization (Mel Levine)
7th-9th
writing to establish viewpoint
Elaboration (Mel Levine)
9th-above
Individual style and talent
Personalization-Diversification (Mel Levine)
1. words in sentence
2. syllables in words
3. phonemes in single words
phonemic awareness
Liberman developmental hierarchy
% of 4th graders that are not fluent
44% (NAEP)
acquired disorder in which ability to form letter shapes, letter sequences and motor patterns is impaired
specific agraphia [Show Less]