CALT Alliance Exam Questions and Answers 2019
accommodations - reduced assignments; adapted test procedures; and use of computers, calculators, and
... [Show More] tape recorders
*This term is not used in the IDA
alphabetic language - a language , such as English in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes
alphabetic principle - the concept that the letters on the page represent the sounds in spoken words
analytic - separates the whole word into its constituent parts so that the students can deduce the phonic relationships of the separate orthographic patterns
WHOLE TO PART = reading
assessment - use of the child's educational history, proven methods and tools of psych-educational evaluation to clarify and confirm teacher and parent concerns.
auditory discovery - listening and responding to guided questions to discover new information, such as when students echo words dictated by the teacher to discover a new common sound
chalk talk - writing on the board or table top
chameleon prefix - prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the base word or root
the result is easier to say and often results in a double consonant
euphony - a pleasing sound (Greek)
Conners Report - used to rate ADHD
criterion-referenced test - a test in which performance is assessed in terms of the kind of behavior expected of a person with a given score
it shows an item-by-item description of knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired
curriculum-referenced test - a test in which items are taken from the curriculum used in that child's classroom so the student will not be tested on material that hasn't been taught
decode - to determine the pronunciation of a word by noting the position of the vowels and consonants
digraph - two adjacent consonants or two adjacent vowels in the same syllable representing a single speech sound
diphthong - two adjacent vowels in the same syllable whose sounds blend together with a slide or shift during the production of the syllable
directionality - the direction used in language for reading and writing
English is governed by left to right directionality
discovery learning - also called Socratic Method, is learning through guided questioning
dyscalculia - math related disorder
dysgraphia - trouble with small motor writing skills
dyslexia - a specific language-based disorder of constitutional origin involving atypical phonological processing ability and correlated weaknesses; which are not the result of inadequate intellectual potential, instructional or environmental opportunity, motivation, sensory anomalies or other unrelated cause, and are manifested by variable difficulty with expressive and receptive language, often including a conspicuous problem with acquiring proficiency in reading, writing, and spelling
echolalia - repeating sounds over and over, 6 to 12 months of age
encoding - Spelling
explicit, direct instruction - instruction that is systematic (structured), sequential, and cumulative
instruction is organized and presented in a way that follows a logical sequential plan, fits the nature of language (alphabetic principle) with no assumption of prior skills of language knowledge, and maximizes student engagement
expository writing - writing that explains or informs, including persuasive, descriptive, and compare/contrast compositions
expressive language - spelling/writing
FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education) - ensures that students with disabilities receive necessary education and services without cost to the family
Fernald Method - technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities
the student looks at a word while saying and tracing it.
fluency - the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression
it is one of several critical factors necessary for reading comprehension
grapheme - a written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound
graphophonemic knowledge - an understanding of the letter-sound plan in which words that carry meaning are made of sounds, and sounds are written with letters in the right order
students with this understanding can blend sounds associated with letters into words and can separate words into component sounds for spelling and writing
guided discovery teaching - the manner presenting new material or concepts so they can be deduced or discovered by students
hyperlexia - disability characterized by early precocious reading ability or a fascination with letters, words or numbers
this is accompanied by limited comprehension, difficulty with verbal language, difficulties with social interaction and other autistic traits
they are visual learners - understand what they see much better than what they hear
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) - passed in 1975; requires public schools to provide special education and other services to qualified children from birth to age 21
IEP (Individualized Education Plan) - individual goals short-term objectives, and benchmarks for measuring each year
individualized instruction - instruction that meets the specific learning needs of an individual student
irregular word - a word that has a unexpected spelling either because its orthographic representation does not match it's pronunciation (colonel, Wednesday) or because it contains an infrequent orthographic representation of a sound (soap)
linkages - the associations developed in language training between students' visual, auditory and kinesthetic and tactile perceptions by seeing the letter, naming it, saying its sound, and writing it in the air and on paper
metacognitive strategies - strategies that students may use to think about what they are reading and the factors that influence their thinking
morhpeme - the smallest unit of meaning (child in childhood)
morphology - the study of word formation and patterns
norm-referenced test - test that produces scores that permit comparisons between a student and other children the same age
orthographic memory - memory of letter patterns and word spellings
orthography - the writing system of language/refers to letter patterns in words
Orton-Gillingham approach - instruction that is explicit, systematic, cumulative, direct, and sequential
phoneme - the smallest unit of sound
phonetics - the system of speech sounds in any specific language
phonological awareness - the knowledge of and sensitivity to the phonological structure of words in language which involves the ability to notice, think about, or manipulate sound segments in words
phonology - the science of speech sounds
pragmatics - practical application of language conversation
prosody - features of spoken language, such as intonation as tress that fluent readers use for appropriate phrasing of test into meaningful units
rapid automatic naming - a speed naming task, most often administered to pre-readers, in which the individual is asked to name quickly a series of printed letters, numbers, objects, etc.
retrieval from long-term memory
receptive language - understanding language
rime - the written or spoken vowel and the final consonant(s) in a syllable as (at) in cat
schwa - an unaccented vowel whose pronunciation approximates the short /u/
semantics - the meaning of word and the relationships among words as they are used to represent knowledge of the world
sibilant - a speech sound that is uttered with a hissing sound, /z/, /ch/, /j/, /sh/, /zh/
SOS (Simultaneous Oral Spelling) - a structured sequence of procedures to teach how to think about the process of spelling
aka Save Our Spelling
standardized test - a test with carefully selected sample of people representative of the larger group of people for whom the test was created; procedures and scoring are prescribed in the manual accompanying the test
syntax - the way in which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences
sentence structure; grammar
synthetic - instruction or process that begins with the parts that build to whole (individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word)
spelling
WOW (Watch Our Writing) - procedures to help students write accurately, comfortably, and legibly
4 Components of Language - 1. Phonology (sound units)
2. Semantics (meaning)
3. Syntax (sentence structure)
4. Pragmatics (rules for usage)
expressive language disorder - difficulty with verbal expression, syntax, morphology, and semantics (uses gestures and sign language)
syllable division - process that combines synthetic and analytic phonics
metacognition - conscious choice of and evaluation of the strategies used to accomplish a task
occipital-temporal region - area of the brain used for skilled reading
vowel team syllable - a syllable with two adjacent vowels in initial, medial, or finial position
coarticulation - the overlapping, changing, or modifying of adjacent speech sounds
parito-temporal region - area of the brain used for step-by-step word analysis
alexia - loss of ability to read because of a brain injury
aphasia - language disorder that results from the damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language
impairs expression, understanding, reading, and writing
invented spelling - the initial stage of spelling to which novice writers understand that a symbol stands for a unit or units of sound and attempts to represent the sound with the symbol in an unconventional manner
auditory memory - the ability to listen and remember sounds, words, and sentences in sequence
phonics - instruction that connects sound and letter, application of phonetics in an approach to teach reading and spelling; stressing symbol/sound relationship
take off final consonant - is the best way to teach going from short vowel sounds to long vowel sounds
bound morpheme - a morpheme which may not stand alone as an independent word as -ing
synthetic phonics (inductive) - student learns sounds represented by letters, and blends; those sounds pronounce words-part to whole phonics, generalizations for symbol/sound correspondences, part to whole, bottom-up
1066 - the year the Norman Conquest (battle of Hastings) caused the French influence on the English language
receptive language disorder - difficulty in the ability to attend to, process, comprehend, retain, or integrate spoken language
lexicon - body of word knowledge
double deficit - deficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming
blend - two or more letters that flow smoothly together
left inferior frontal region - area of the brain used for articulation and slower word analysis
short-term memory - the active part of the memory system with a distinctly limited time element of retention
allophone - a variation of speech sound that is not a separate phoneme
etymology - the study of word origins and historical development of words
cognate - two consonant sounds having the same origin in the mouth but offering qualities such as voicedness
analytic phonics (deductive) - whole to part phonics approach, key sight words, relevant phonic generalizations, symbol/sound correspondence, top-down
modality - a specific sensory pathway
dysphasia - partial or complete impairment of the ability to communicate resulting from a brain injury (speech disorder)
equivocal - a letter may represent more than one sound or a sound may be spelled in more than one way (k, c, ck, ch)
angular gyrus - area of the brain used for visual verbal associations
visual memory - the ability to retain the visual image of a two dimensional symbol especially the sequence of symbols in who words, or the sequence of words in phrases or in sentences
auditory processing - the mental activity of receiving, understanding, weighing, ordering, remembering, and examining sounds, especially speech sounds, and considering their meanings in relationship to past experience and their future use
auditory discrimination - the ability to hear the likenesses and differences in the sounds of phonemes and words
heterogeneous practice - including more than one level or focus of practice [Show Less]