BTEC unit 5 Biology Exam 137 Questions with Answers
Artery - CORRECT ANSWER A blood vessel with a thick wall made from smooth muscle, elastic fibres
... [Show More] and lined with a smooth layer of endothelial cells. The lumen of this vessel is also very small. This allows the vessel to withstand the high pressure which is necessary to pump blood throughout the body. It can also change the size of the lumen to control blood flow.
Vein - CORRECT ANSWER A blood vessel with a thin wall, consisting of little smooth muscle and elastic fibres. This vessel has thin walls with valves inside. This allows blood to be moved without much pressure, while stoping any back flow that may occur.
Capillaries - CORRECT ANSWER This blood vessel has extremely thin walls which are only one cell thick and has a very small lumen. This allows the smallest diffusion pathway possible while making red blood cells come into contact with as much of the lumen as possible.
Valves - CORRECT ANSWER These are found in the heart and veins and are used to prevent back flow in them.
Blood type - CORRECT ANSWER These are where different people have different antigens on their red blood cells. The types are A, B, AB and O. The type of blood the person has depends on these antigens and the antibodies against the other antigens. If a patient is given a type of antigen which matches the antibodies the patient's body will kill these cells.
Blood type A - CORRECT ANSWER Blood group A is where the body has type A antigens on the red blood cells, and type B antibodies within the blood plasma.
Blood type B - CORRECT ANSWER Blood group B is where the body has type B antigens on the red blood cells, whilst having blood type A antibodies within the blood plasma.
Blood type AB - CORRECT ANSWER Blood group AB is there red blood cells have the antigens for type A and B, they also don't have any antibodies in this regard.
Blood type O - CORRECT ANSWER Blood group O have no antigens on their red blood cells while having antibodies for both group A and B. This means that type O blood can be a universal donor.
The Rhesus system (Rh) - CORRECT ANSWER The Rhesus system, or Rh, is a method of classifying blood depending on the presence of a certain blood protein. Where Rh-negative is without the protein and Rh-positive does have the protein. This is because Rh-negative patients cannot be given Rh-positive blood.
The cardiac cycle step 1 - CORRECT ANSWER The atria relax and are filled with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein.
The cardiac cycle step 2 - CORRECT ANSWER The increase of blood pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to open, causing blood to flow into the ventricles.
The cardiac cycle step 3 - CORRECT ANSWER The atria contract, forcing the all of the blood within the atria to flow into the ventricles, this also causes the atrioventricular valves to close.
The cardiac cycle step 4 - CORRECT ANSWER Immediately after atria have finish contracting the ventricles contract, which causes the semilunar valves to open, and for blood to leave the heart through the pulmonary vein and the aorta.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) - CORRECT ANSWER These machines measure the activity of the heart. This is possible because electrical impulses made by the heart can spread to the surrounding skin, meaning that these machines can detect these.
QRS complex - CORRECT ANSWER This is how long a single heartbeat takes, it is around 0.8 seconds.
P wave - CORRECT ANSWER This wave shows the part of the heartbeat where the atria contract, called atrial systole.
QRS wave - CORRECT ANSWER This wave is where the ventricles are excited, and is a representation of ventricular systole.
T wave - CORRECT ANSWER This waves shows all of the heart relaxing after being excited.
Normal rhythm - CORRECT ANSWER This is where the heart is beating at between 60-100 beats a minute.
Bradycardia - CORRECT ANSWER This is where the heart is beating less than 60 beats a minute, meaning the P waves are further away than they should be.
Ventricular fibrillation - CORRECT ANSWER This is where the ventricles are not controlled properly, meaning the ventricles pump either little or no blood. This leads to a cardiac arrest and no waves are visible on a ECG.
Sinus arrhythmia - CORRECT ANSWER This is a irregular heartbeat cause when you breathe. This causes P waves to be irregular also.
Tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER This is where the heartbeat is over 100 a minute, this causes the P waves to be too close together.
Flat line - CORRECT ANSWER This is where no signals appear on the ECG, and mean that the patient needs assistance immediately.
Daphnia - CORRECT ANSWER A small water flea, they are often used to test the effects of caffeine on the heart as their heart is easily visible.
Ethical issues - CORRECT ANSWER There are less issues with using daphnia instead of humans for many reasons. They have simple nervous systems instead of a humans complex nervous system. They also don't need to be kill and are found everywhere in nature and are even used for fish food.
Issues with the experiment - CORRECT ANSWER Daphnia are very different than humans, so conclusions can't really be made.
Variables - CORRECT ANSWER Temperature, sex, age, size and type of water they live in.
Trachea (windpipe) - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is connected to the bronchi and allows air to travel to the lungs. It is made with thick walls made from several layers of tissue, this wall is also protected by C shaped rings of cartilage. Its structure is similar to the bronchi's but is larger.
Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is similar to the trachea but smaller, it is made from layers of tissue and is protected by C shaped rings of cartilage. Its function is to allow air into the bronchioles.
Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER The size of this tube is much smaller than the trachea and the bronchi, the larger tubes have C shaped rings of cartilage. Their function is to direct air into the alveoli.
Alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER These are small sacs which allow oxygen to be absorbed into the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be released. It does this by maintaining high levels of diffusion.
Intercostal muscles - CORRECT ANSWER These muscles help breathing by contracting to assist with a change in volume, which leads to a change in pressure.
Diaphragm - CORRECT ANSWER This works with the intercostal muscles to change the volume of the lungs, which is essential for breathing.
Large surface area - CORRECT ANSWER Because there are millions of alveoli, it means there is an excess amount of space for molecules to diffuse.
Small diffusion pathway - CORRECT ANSWER As the amount of energy needed is proportional to the distance needed to diffuse, it means having one cell thick capillaries and alveoli means the gas doesn't need to travel far or use much energy.
Diffusion gradient - CORRECT ANSWER The lungs function by maintaining a high level of oxygen in the lungs and a low level in the blood capillaries, meaning by passive diffusion oxygen will move from the lungs to the blood capillaries. The inverse is the same for carbon dioxide.
Moisture - CORRECT ANSWER As oxygen need to be dissolved in water to diffuse, the alveoli are lined with a layer of moisture.
Surfactant - CORRECT ANSWER This is a chemical made to stop the alveoli from collapsing due to the surface tension of water.
Inspiration step 1 - CORRECT ANSWER The diaphragm contracts and moves down, becoming flat while the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity.
Inspiration step 2 - CORRECT ANSWER The increase in volume reduces the pressure inside the lungs, so air moves down the trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles until it reaches the alveoli.
Inspiration step 3 - CORRECT ANSWER Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries, while carbon dioxide does the opposite.
Expiration step 1 - CORRECT ANSWER The external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, which causes the thoracic cavity to reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Expiration 2 - CORRECT ANSWER The reduction in volume increases the pressure of the lungs, this causes the air inside the lungs to be expelled.
Mechanical ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER This is where a patient cannot breathe properly, and needs a machine to push air into and out of the lungs.
Spirometer - CORRECT ANSWER This machine measure the amount of oxygen absorbed by a patient, it does this by making a patient breathe in and out of a face mask, this then removes air from a container (the change in pressure is measured) and removed any carbon dioxide which was released by them by is reacted with a small amount of soda lime which is kept in a separate box which is connected to the intake pipe.
Tidal volume - CORRECT ANSWER The volume of a regular breath, usually about 0.5dm^3.
Inspiratory reserve volume - CORRECT ANSWER The maximum volume that a person can breath either in or out.
Residual volume - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of air left when you have breathed out.
Vital capacity - CORRECT ANSWER The total volume from breathing in to breathing out.
Total lung capacity - CORRECT ANSWER Vital capacity+residual volume
Peak expiratory flow test - CORRECT ANSWER A measure how fast a patient can breathe out.
Forced vital capacity (FVC) - CORRECT ANSWER Using a spirometer, a measurement of the amount of air the patient can breathe in and breathe out can be measured. This is done while taking in the biggest breath possible.
Effects of fear or exercise - CORRECT ANSWER These both prepare the body for a great amount of energy to be used, meaning that the body will increase its heart rate and breathing to gather a large amount of oxygen ready for this.
Cortex - CORRECT ANSWER The majority of the kidney is made from this, it is also where most of the nephron loops reside. It is filled with blood vessels to help with this.
Medulla or renal medulla - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is closer to the centre than the cortex, and holds many other structures for the kidney, such as the collecting ducts.
Collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER This structure collects urine from the nephrons loops and takes it to the renal pelvis.
Renal pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is where all collecting ducts lead to and it funnels urine into the urether.
Renal artery - CORRECT ANSWER This structure pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys, ready to be filtered.
Renal vein - CORRECT ANSWER This structure pumps deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart.
Renal capsule - CORRECT ANSWER This structure surrounds the organ and protects it from damage, it is made from adipose, a mixture of lipids and proteins which can compress to lessen blunt force against it.
Urether - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is a pipe which sends urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Nephrons - CORRECT ANSWER This structure is where blood is removed from the capillaries (apart from larger structures like red blood cells) where it can be converted into urine. During this, the body absorbs back any necessary materials.
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER These structures convert filtrate into urine, around 1-2 million are found in each kidney.
Afferent arteriole - CORRECT ANSWER A blood capillary which carries oxygenated blood from the renal artery to the podocyte.
Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER This is a small ball of capillaries which release blood (except large structures like red blood cells and some proteins) into the glomerulus, this is called filtrate.
Podocyte - CORRECT ANSWER These cells surround the glomerulus and allows for a short diffusion pathway for the filtrate.
Efferent arteriole - CORRECT ANSWER A blood capillary which carries what remains of blood that hasn't been released out of the glomerulus. This then coils around the rest of the nephron so it can absorb back necessary components.
Proximal convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER This part of the nephron absorbs sodium ions from the filtrate which the body needs in the blood. This also increases the concentrations of salt for the loop of Henle.
Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWER This structure in the nephron allows water to be absorbed back into the kidney, it does this by having the lower half of the loop to have a hypertonic surroundings. This means more water is released. This is the only part of the nephron which enters the medulla.
Distil convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER This structure absorbs more sodium ions along with others like potassium and chloride ions. It also absorbs sugars and other important materials. This process is also used to help keep the concentration of salts near the loop of Henle high.
Collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER This is a duct which connects many nephrons and takes all of the urine to the renal pelvis. They are also used for osmoregulation.
Ultrafiltration - CORRECT ANSWER This process is where blood moves out of the glomerulus and into the podocytes through diffusion. This makes filtrate, a substance very similar to plasma.
Microvilli - CORRECT ANSWER Most cells in the nephron have these, they dramatically increase the surface area to volume ratio and allow for more diffusion to occur.
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER These are found in all cells and are used to produce ATP, however, in these cells a larger number is needed as it allows for a greater amount of diffusion.
Selective reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER This is where in the proximal convoluted tubule certain materials are absorbed more than others, for example, all of glucose is absorbed compared to urea, which only about half is absorbed.
Hypertonic - CORRECT ANSWER A substance which has a very high concentration of salt or sugar.
Hypotonic - CORRECT ANSWER A substance with a low concentration of salt or sugar.
Osmoregulation - CORRECT ANSWER The control of salts and sugars in the body.
Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER A osmoreceptor found in the brain which detects any changes in water concentration in plasma, then produces ADH and stores it in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland - CORRECT ANSWER A gland which releases hormones when excited by the hypothalamus, in this case it releases ADH.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER A hormone which interacts with proteins in the collecting ducts and causes channel proteins to open, meaning water diffuses out of the collecting ducts, forming less urine but at a higher concentration.
Negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER This is a system where the hypothalamus would detect a drop in plasma concentration, where it will produce ADH and send it to the hypothalamus. This then is released into the bloodstream and is absorbed by the collecting ducts. The ADH then interacts with proteins in the collecting ducts and causes channel proteins to open. This causes more water to be absorbed, causing body conditions to return to normal.
Permeability - CORRECT ANSWER This is how easily a membrane allows substances like water to move through.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER The maintenance of balance of chemicals in the body.
Function of the kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER Regulate water, pressure and electrolytes and pH.
Regulation of pH - CORRECT ANSWER The distil convoluted tubule absorbs different amounts of sodium and potassium ions to alter the pH of urine and the body. It also does this through absorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
Dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER When a patients kidneys fail, blood stops being filtered and toxins begin to build up, this can be fixed by a machine which removes waste products from the body, but takes about 4-5 hours and has to be done three times a week.
Kidney transplants - CORRECT ANSWER If the kidney fails, then a transplant may be in order, where the failing kidney is removed and a new one from a donor is joined to the body. There are issues with this however, as the patients body may see the organ as a foreign body and attack it, which would kill the patient.
Stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER Blood pressure decreases.
Receptor - CORRECT ANSWER Detected by the liver and by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys.
Signal sent - CORRECT ANSWER The liver releases a hormone called angiotensinogen and the kidney releases renin.
Effects of the signal - CORRECT ANSWER The renin and angiotensinogen then encourage the production of angiotensin I.
Angiotensin I - CORRECT ANSWER Angiotensin I then travels to the lungs where it encourages the release of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER This hormone affects different mechanisms to increase pressure, like causing arterioles to constrict, reducing the size of the lumen, or increase the amount of water absorbed by the kidneys.
Cell surface membrane - CORRECT ANSWER The protective layer of the cell which holds it together, this layer also allows for osmotic balance with the environment and the movement of hormones into specific cells.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER These make the phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol in the cell surface membrane.
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER These are used to make channel proteins or attachment proteins in the cell surface membrane.
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER These make up glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell surface membrane.
Fluid mosaic model - CORRECT ANSWER This is a model of the cell surface membrane, where a phospholipid bilayer makes up most of the membrane, but other materials either go through the bilayer or rest part-way through it.
Passive diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER This is where diffusion occurs without any energy required. There are three different types, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. All of these move particles of a high concentration to an area of low concentration, until both areas are equal in concentration.
Equilibrium - CORRECT ANSWER When two area that are divided by a membrane have the same concentration, meaning the net movement of particles is zero.
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER When two spaces are divided with a permeable membrane, particles from a high concentration will move to an area with a low concentration of particles. The particle needs to be soluble however.
Facilitated diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER This is where to allow larger molecules to diffuse a membrane, a channel protein is needed. Examples of these molecules are glucose, sodium ions and some proteins. This can be done with both carrier and channel proteins.
Channel proteins - CORRECT ANSWER These proteins are used in facilitated diffusion, they are where proteins make a small divide in the phospholipid bilayer to allow larger molecules through. They can be opened and close too.
Carrier proteins - CORRECT ANSWER These proteins are used in facilitated diffusion, where it is open on one side and shut on the other. It works by letting the molecule bind to protein, which opens one end and closes the other, letting the molecule through the membrane.
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER This is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane.
Active transport - CORRECT ANSWER Active transport is where energy from ATP is needed to move a molecule across a membrane. This is because the molecule is moved from a low concentration to a high concentration.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - CORRECT ANSWER This molecule provides energy to most processes in the cell and is made in the mitochondria. It releases energy by breaking off the third phosphate group on the small chain of them.
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER This is very similar of phagocytosis, where a cell allows a molecule to enter by "eating it" it does this by forming a membrane around it called a vesicle.
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER This is the same endocytosis but instead it involves liquids.
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER This is where cells release molecule by forming a vesicle around them and forcing the vesicle out of the cell, taking the molecule with it.
Right pulmonary artery - CORRECT ANSWER The artery carries deoxygenated blood to the right lung.
Right atrium - CORRECT ANSWER This is a section of the heart which is connected to the vena cava and the right ventricle. This section pumps blood into the right ventricle, ready to be sent to the lungs.
Left ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER The left ventricle is connected to the left atrium and the aorta. This section of the heart has thick muscles around it to allow it to create high pressure which allows the oxygenated blood to travel around the whole body.
Right ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER This part of the heart is connected to the right atrium and the pulmonary artery and its main use is to pump blood through the pulmonary artery.
Left atrium - CORRECT ANSWER A section of the heart which sends blood from the left pulmonary vein to the left ventricle.
Left pulmonary artery - CORRECT ANSWER The artery carries deoxygenated blood to the left lung.
Left pulmonary vein - CORRECT ANSWER This vein carries oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium.
Right pulmonary vein - CORRECT ANSWER This vein carries oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium.
Aorta - CORRECT ANSWER This artery carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Inferior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER A vein which carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle parts of the body, and pumps them into the heart.
Superior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER A vein which carries deoxygenated blood from upper body to the right atrium.
Atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve - CORRECT ANSWER The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. This valve has two flaps to do this.
Semilunar valves - CORRECT ANSWER Valves that prevents backflow in the heart.
Coronary artery - CORRECT ANSWER The artery supplies the muscles in the heart with a source of oxygen.
Atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve - CORRECT ANSWER A valve found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This valve has three flaps.
Septum - CORRECT ANSWER A thick wall which divides the left and right sides of the heart.
Purkinje fibres - CORRECT ANSWER These send nerve impulses to the ventricles in the heart.
Bundle of His - CORRECT ANSWER This structure of the heart sends the impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.
Sinoatrial node (SAN) - CORRECT ANSWER This node creates electrical impulses which stimulate the ventricles, meaning it acts as the hearts pacemaker.
Atrioventricular (AV) node - CORRECT ANSWER This node is below the sinoatrial node and sends the impulse to the ventricles. This allows the two impulses to occurs with a slight delay, creating the rhythm of a heartbeat.
Pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER This is a fibrous membrane which protects the heart by forming a bag around it.
Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER This is what the middle section and the thick layer of the hearts wall is made from. This is made from cardiac muscle.
Systemic circulation - CORRECT ANSWER This is a system where oxygen is taken away from the heart and carbon dioxide is taken to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation - CORRECT ANSWER This is a system which carbon dioxide is sent from the heart to the lungs where it is expelled and oxygen is absorbed in the lungs and sent to the heart. [Show Less]