What are the main types of cells that make up the nervous system
neurons
What are the steps/subprocesses involved with an action potential and
... [Show More] with condition of the signal down the axon
depolarization of the cell causing the sodium and potassium channels to open, then at the peak of action potential, the channels close.
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Understand the states of polarixation and depolarization of a neuron
A neuron is depolarized when the sodium and potassium channels are so open that they are more free flowing.
What is the all - or - none law
Once the action potential crosses the threshold, it will fire, nothing changes the farther it passes the threshold. Think of it like flushing a toilet.
What is the refractory period (in relation to neuron firing)?
After the cell produces an action potential when the cell resists the production of AP. During absolute refractory, there is no way that another AP can happen, during relative refractory, a strong stimulus can create AP
What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters
Hormones are in your blood stream while neurotransmitters are released to neurons at synapse
What is the endocrine system and what are its functions
The system involved with releasing hormones: hypo campus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus, liver, adrenal gland, kidney, pancreas, ovary and placenta (female), and tests (male).
What are the three main divisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
Dorsal Cut of the brain
Towards the back
Ventral Cut of the brain
Towards the stomach
Anterior cut of the brain
Towards the front
Posterior Cut of the brain
Towards the butt
Lateral Cut to the brain
Towards the side
Medial Cut to the brain
Towards the midline
Coronal Plane
The brain from the front
Sagittal Plane
The brain from the side
Horizontal Plane
The brain from above
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
The cell body/ Soma
the part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
presynaptic terminal
(end bulb or bouton) point where an axon releases chemicals
afferent axon
brings information into a structure
efferent axon
carries information away from a structure
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; it's parasympathetic division calms.
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
How many parts of spine do humans have?
31
2 main functions of the spinal cord
-center for spinal reflexes (PNS)
-conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain (CNS)
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing (HINDBRAIN)
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain (HINDBRAIN)
tectum
roof of the midbrain
superior colliculus
receives visual sensory input (midbrain)
inferior colliculi
auditory reflexes in midbrain
Tegmentum
a part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal
cerebral cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. (forebrain)
Thalamus
relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex (forebrain)
basal ganglia
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
Basil Forebrain
Comprised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain and send axons to release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. [Show Less]