Define neuroscience -answer the study of the brain and how it functions
Localization of functioning -answer
Equipotentiality theory -answer
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Lashley's integrated theory -answer
what is neuropsychology -answer study between behavior and the brain
4 zones of the neuron -answer input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, output zone
3 parts of the cell -answer soma, axons, dendrites
soma -answer cell body
axon -answer transmits information
dendrites -answer collects info from other cells
4 types of glial cells -answer astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, schwann cells, microglia
astrocytes -answer star-shaped, siphons out waste from neurons and dumps it into blood vessels
oligodendrocyte -answer 50 axons per 1 cell, makes myelin
microglia -answer engulfs dead tissue and neurons, immune defense
schwann cells -answer 1 axon per cell, cells wrap itseld and axon in myelin
Who is Sherrington -answer won Nobel Prize for the concept of the Synapse
Ramon y Cajal and Golgi -answer developing visualizations of neurons
Central nervous system -answer brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system -answer made up of nerves and branches into 2 different subtypes: autonomic and somatic
Autonomic nervous system -answer involuntary movements, bodily organ functions; including sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system -answer fight or flight response, heart rate increases
Parasympathetic nervous system -answer rest and digest, conserves energu
Somatic nervous system -answer controls skeletal muscles, voluntary movements
6 cranial nerves -answer olfactory, optic nerve, trigeminal, facial, auditory nerve, vagus
Olfactory nerve -answer sense of smell
optic nerve -answer vision
trigeminal -answer touch and pain on the face
auditory nerve -answer balance and hearing
vagus -answer internal organs
4 areas of spinal cord -answer cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Cervical area -answer neck
Thoracic area -answer upper back
Lumbar -answer lower back
Sacral -answer tailbone
Dorsal -answer top of the head
Ventral -answer bottom of the head
Anterior (rostral) -answer towards the front
Posterior (caudal) -answer towards the back
Lateral -answer towards the sides
Medial -answer towards the middle
Ipsilateral -answer same side
Contralateral -answer opposite side
Example of contralateral -answer nerves from right arm project to the left hemisphere
Midsagittal -answer hotdog bun style
Horizontal -answer hamburger bun style
Coronal -answer life a loaf of bread, cutting it near the spinal cord
White matter in brain -answer connections between cells, myelin
Gray matter in brain -answer cell bodies
Frontal lobe -answer primary motor cortex, motor control, personality, higher thoughts
Parietal lobe -answer touch, somatosensory cortex
Temporal lobe -answer hearing and memory
Occipital lobe -answer vision
Which lobes does the central sulcus separate -answer primary motor cortex in frontal lobe from somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
Hindbrain -answer Medulla, cerebellum
Medulla oblongata -answer breathing and sustaining the heartbeat
Cerebellum -answer little brain, balance and coordination
Midbrain -answer superior and inferior colliculi
Superior collculi -answer visual reflexes
Inferior collculi -answer auditory reflexes
Forebrain -answer Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum
Thalamus -answer sensory system processing
Hypothalamus -answer fight or flight response, feeding, thirst, sex drive
Amygdala -answer emotions
Hippocampus -answer memory
Corpus callosum -answer relays signals between the hemispheres of the brain
Limbic system -answer emotions: contains amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus
Movement system -answer motor control: contains cerebellum and basal ganglia
Basal ganglia -answer fine motor control
Visual system -answer primary visual control: dorsal and ventral stream
Dorsal stream -answer perceives motion
Ventral stream -answer perceives individual components
Somatic nervous system - ANSWER Part of PNS; associated with voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system - ANSWER Part of PNS; associated with involuntary movements that may regulate body processes such as breathing; sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (calming, relaxation); have ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic near spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - ANSWER nerves and sensory organs beyond brain & spinal cord
Central nervous system - ANSWER brain & spinal cord
Basal Ganglia - ANSWER group of neurons; involved in control of movement; subcortical in forebrain below corpus callosum; injured in those with Parkinsons
Nucleus - ANSWER center of cell, containing chromosomal DNA and nucleolus
Dura mater - ANSWER closest to skull; outer layer, thick but flexible
Arachnoid membrane - ANSWER middle layer, web-like and spongy
Pia mater - ANSWER innermost layer, closely attached to brain and spinal cord; contains smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid space - ANSWER between arachnoid membrane and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves - ANSWER 12 nerves deriving straight from brain or brainstem; used to bring information directly from sensory organs (afferent) or to muscles (efferent); sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
Sodium/Potassium pump - ANSWER used to maintain axon at resting potential; keeping Na+ out and K+ in
Glial cells - ANSWER support cells for neurons; include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, radial glia, Schwann cells; "nerve glue"
Astrocytes - ANSWER star shaped; physical support and clean up debris inside brain via phagocytosis; regulates chemical composition of fluid around neurons by providing nutrients from bloodstream
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER produces myelin sheath
Microglia - ANSWER smallest of glia cells; "immune system" for brain; phagocytes, protect from invading microorganisms; active only when there is brain damage and leaves behind scar tissue
Radial glia - ANSWER prenatal, brain development; used to guide neurons to where they will eventually develop
Schwann cells - ANSWER produces myelin sheath but in PNS, stimulate growth of neuron!! - diff than oligodendrocyte
Induction - ANSWER response to growth factors that induces ectoderm to eventually form the neural plate of which the neural tube and CNS form
Migration - ANSWER radial glial cells guide the new neurons to correct location; layers of cortex start forming from inside, meaning that each new neuron must past through previously developed neural cells
Neural crest - ANSWER group of cells derived from neural plate crest (above the tube) that separate [Show Less]