BIOS 255N Final Exam Study Guide APIII
Innate and adaptive systems, how they work and interact (Lymphatic System)
• Innate (non specific)-defenses
... [Show More] that are present at birth, 1)first line of defense are the physical and chemical barriers of the SKIN and mucous membranes,
o Mechanical Defense-
Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
Chemical Defense-
Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice
• 2) the second line of defense are the Internal defenses ;antimicrobial protiens, natural killer cells, phagocytes (Phagocyte (white blood) engulfs microbe), inflammation, and fever. Innate immunity responses represent immunity’s early warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from entering the body and to help eliminate those that do gain access.
• They help each other because innate presents the T cell, once the pathogen is being killed or being rendered
• Adaptive (specific) immunity refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Based on a specific response to a specific microbe, that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. Involves lymphocytes called T cells and B cells.
o Adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types
Cell-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
A small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells
The antigen is eliminated
Antibody-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
Helper T cells co-stimulate the B cell so the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells that produce antibodies.
The antigen is eliminated
****Similarities and differences between primary and secondary responses of the adaptive immune system (think Vaccination)
NEED TO EXPLAIN MORE ASK SOMEONE TO EXPLAIN THIS TO YOU****
• Similarities: both of them are being attacked by the same invader
• Differences: Reactions The primary first exposure and brand new antigen is very slow, igG and the igM respond slowly and stops. The secondary is a faster reaction because the memory cell recognizes the antigen.
Cancer from right side of abdomen metastasizing above left shoulder. Explain anatomically why this statement makes sense.
• The thoracic duct drains the whole body, and the right duct only drains the right upper extremities.
• The drainage from the abdomen and upper left shoulder are controlled by the same duct which is the thoracic duct, so it is easy to for the cancer to spread.
Immediately after the last vaccination I ‘got the flu’. Is this a correct assumption, and if not what is the vaccine doing to cause their ‘flu-like’ symptoms?
• This not true because you may have the flu in your system but the flu is not active.
• Pre-exposure
• Vaccine causes flu like symptoms but they are not pathogenic
• They can still have mild symptoms because all the strains are not covered or maybe not included in the vaccine.``
• It is in the incubation period.
•
Anatomy and functions of the spleen
Largest mass of Lymphatic tissue in the body and is found in the left hypochondriac region between the fundus of the stomach and diaphragm, acts as a reservoir for red blood cells in the red pulp. Contains red and white pulp. The white pulp is lymphatic tissue. It’s T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy antigens in blood, primarily via cytolysis. It’s B cells develop into antibody producing plasma cells, and the antibodies inactivate antigens in blood. Macrophages destroy antigens in blood by phagocytosis (cellular eating). The red pulp consists of venous sinuses filled with blood and splenic cords consisting of RBCS, MACROPHAGES, LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS, AND GRANULOCYTES.
The red pulp is involved in the production of blood cells during the second trimester of pregnancy. Macrophages in the spleen remove worn-out or defective RBCS, WBCS, and platelets by phagocytosis. The red blood cells die and the spleen keeps the white blood cells and platelets. The blood platelets are stored in the red pulp.
Ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration. Functions and Location.
• Ventilation is the breathing process, taking air into our respiratory system, and removal of air (breathing in and out).
• Internal Respiration- in metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells.
• External Respiration- Lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
Neutral control of ventilation including brain centers, sensory and motor signals. *Control of Respiration
• Dorsal respiration and both of them located in the medullary, look at slides
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. How does loading/unloading of these gases take place in the lungs vs. tissues.
• In each 100mL of oxygenated blood, 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma and 98.5% is carried with Hemoglobin inside the red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
o Oxygen does not dissolve easily in water, so only about 1.5% of inhaled 02 is dissolved in blood plasma which is mostly water. About 98.5% of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
o Hemoglobin is doing a lot of work, oxygen is being carried by the Hemoglobin
o The most important factor that determines how much oxygen combines with hemoglobin is P02.
o The greater the P02 , the more oxygen will combine with hemoglobin, until the available hemoglobin molecules are saturated
o Transport of C02
CO2 in blood causes O2 to split from hemoglobin
The binding of 02 to hemoglobin causes a release of C02 from blood.
Loading and Unloading
*****************End of Essay Questions*****************
Calculation of minute ventilation and mean arterial pressure (p.g .875)
• Minute Ventilation- air that we breathe in one minute
o Tv x Respirations=mL/min
• Mean Arterial Pressure
• Diastolic+(1/3)Pulse pressure=mmHg
• Pulse Pressure
o Systolic(top #)-Diastolic (bottom #)
Flow of blood in the heart (how does the blood flow)
• Superior/inferior vena cava->Right Atrium->Right Ventricle->Pulmonary Trunk->Lungs->02 blood->Pulmonary Veins->Left Atrium->Left Ventricles->Aorta-> Systemic Circulation
• Coronary sinus in the right atrium drains the heart
Blood cell lines (Stem cells) (look at origin & development of Blood Cells slide)
• Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannanas
o Grandular Ben (Basophil, Eosnophil, neutrophil) dark, grainy
o Agrandular ML (Monocytes, Lymphocytes)
o Functions of each?
o Nuetrophil-chief phagocyte in early inflammation (see in bacterial infection)
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes-Immature macrophages->formed in the bone marrow; Agranular leukocyte that leaves the blood and becomes a wandering macrophage.
• Eosnophil-Increased in parasitic infections; functions to phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
• Basophil-appear in inflammatory reactions that cause allergic symptoms contains anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too contains the vasodilator histamine
Heart Valves and heart anatomy
• The heart has 4 chamber, The right atrium and left ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle. The tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve.
Lymphatic drainage, structures involved P.g. 811
• The thoracic duct begins as a dilation called the cisterna chili and is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system.
• The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left upper extremity, and the entire body below the ribs. It drains lymph into venous blood via the left subclavian vein.
• Right lymphatic Duct
o The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body. It drains lymph into venous blood via the right subclavian vein.
• Thoracic drains t1-t6 From the Lymphatic vessels, lymph passes through lymph nodes and then into lymph trunks. Lymph trunks include the lumbar, intestinal bronchmediastianl, subclavian, and jugular trunks. Lymph trunks then merge to form either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct
Functions of lymphatic system (4 functions)
• Drainage of extra interstitial fluid: Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood. Function links closely to the cardiovascular system.
• Transport of fat and small proteins: Lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A,D,E, AND K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
• Carry out and protect against invasion through the immune response: Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells.
• Return lost plasma proteins to the bloodstream
Antibodies: Salient features functions and stucure
Ig-
• G-Most abundant 80% of all antibodies in blood, found in blood, lymph, and intestines; monomer.
o Function: protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins, and triggers complement system. Only antibody to cross placenta from mother to fetus,
• A- Found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions. Smaller quantities are present in the blood and lymph. 10-15% in blood, occurs as monomers and dimers. Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection
o Function: Provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses.
• M- 5-10% of all antibodies in the blood, also found in lymph. Occurs as pentamers; first antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to any antigen.
o Function: Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.
• E- Less than 0.1% , occurs as monomers. Located on mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
o Functions: Provides protection against parasitic worms.
• D- Mainly found on surface of B cells as antigen receptors, occurs as monomers
o Function: Involved in activation of B cells. 0.2%
*****How to Remember these lol ******
G-IT’S A G THAT’S THE MOST ABUNDANT FOUND IN BLI (BLOOD, LYMPH, INTESTINES
A- A tear, saliva mucus breast milk, and gastrointestinals secretions
Immune responses: Primary and secondary (peaks) (same as essay)
• Immunological Memory
o Reactions The primary first exposure and brand new antigen is very fast, igG and the igM respond slowly and stops. The secondary is a faster reaction because the memory cell recognizes the antigen.
o
All Lymphatic organs, anatomy and location
• Primary Organs-Bone Marrow and Thymus
• Secondary Organs-Lymph nodes, MALT, Spleen
Helper T cells have CD4, Cytotoxic have CD8
• Represents MHC CLASS 2
• Cd8 class 1 [Show Less]