BIOS 252
BIOS 252 Unit 8 Final Exam STUDY GUIDE
BIOS 252 Unit 8
BIOS 252 Unit 8 Final Exam STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 10:
A. Muscle tissue
... [Show More] function
Produce body movements
Stabilized body positions
Storing and moving substances
Generates heat
B. Types of skeletal muscle proteins/function (p.300)
Contractile Proteins a (generates force during contraction)
Myosin: Makes up the thick filaments, consist of a tail and two myosin heads which binds to myosin binding site on acting molecule during contraction.
Actin: Protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has myosin –binding site, where myosis head of thick filament binds during contraction
Regulatory Proteins (help switch muscle contraction on and off)
Troponin. Component of thin filament, when calcium ions binds to troponin, it changes shape, this change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding on actin molecules
Tropomyosin; Component of thin filament, when skeleton muscle fiber relaxed, tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from binding to actin.
Structural Proteins; Keep thin and thick filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment
Titin;Structure protein that connects z discs to M line of sarcomere helping to stabilize thick filaments positions, can stretch and spring back unharmed
Dystrophin; Connects to the membrane protein
Chapter 11:
A. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tromyosin off the active site on actinng
2. Cross bridging occurs between the active site on the actin and myosin head.
3. Myosin head pivots toward the center of sarcomere pulling the Z lines closer causin the contraction. Release store energy, calcium pull out
4. Cross-bridging detachment the bond remains the same until the myosis head bind with another ATP molecule (rigor mortis)
5. Myosis activation the free myosis head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recooks the head again for the next cycle
Calcium and ATP need it
B. Definitions
1. Origin
The attachment of a muscle or tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion
2. Insertion
Most muscle cross at least one joint and are attach at the articulating bone.
3. Antagonist
Stretch or relax, triceps
4. Agonist
Contract to control movement (bicepts), major muscle to produce an specific movement
5. Synergist
Prevent unwanting movement during action
6. Fixator
A muscle that stabilized the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
Chapter 12:
A. Excitatory neurotransmitter function
Graded depolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron (more positive) Action potential (inward flow of Na+)
B. Inhibitory neurotransmitter function
Graded hyperpolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. (Inward flow of Ch and outward of K+) (No action potential)
C. Depolarization (concept)
Is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
D. Repolarization (concept)
Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane.
E. Hyperpolarization (concept
More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside
Chapter 13:
A. Internal anatomy of spinal cord
1. Anterior horn
Somatic motor nuclei
Provide nerve impulses for contraction skeletal muscle
2. Posterior horn
Contains cell bodies of interneurons and incoming sensory neurons
Located in the posterior part root ganglion of spinal nerve
3. Lateral horn
Autonomic motor nuclei
Regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
Regions in the spinal cord in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions
Between posterior and anterior horns
B. Cervical enlargement (part of body it supplies)
Attachment of the large nerves which supply the upper extremities (C4 to T1)
C. Lumbar enlargement (part of body it supplies)
Attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs (T9-T12)
D. Sympathetic stimulation
Fight or flight
Increase heart Rate
E. Parasympathetic stimulation
Rest and Digest
Decrease in the heart rate
F. Ascending tract (sensory or motor)
Delivery information to the brain
Sensory
G. Descending tract (sensory or motor)
Delivery information to the periphery
Motor
Chapter 14:
A. Meninges
Extensions of dura mater that separates parts of the brain
Falx cerebri; separates de cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Falx cerebelli; separates cerebellum into right and left halves
Tentorium cerebelli; Separates cerebellum from cerebrum
B. Cranial nerves (number and function)
1. I Olfactory (Smell)
2. II Optic (Sight)
3. III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye)
4. IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs)
5. V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. chewing; Facial sensations)
6. VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs)
7. VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions)
8. VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)
9. IX Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, saliva, taste)
10. X Vagus (Control of PNS e.g. smooth muscles of GI tract)
11. XI Accessory (Moving head & shoulders, swallowing)
12. XII Hypoglossal (Tongue muscles - speech & swallowing)
C. Wernicke’s area
Involve understanding and formulating speech
Damage causes word salad
Fluent aphasia
D. Broca’s area
Speech area
Motor function to form words
Non-fluent aphasia
E. Location of:
1. Primary motor area
Locate in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
2. Primary somatosensory area
Located directly posterior to the central sulcus in each hemispheres, in the post central gyrus
3. Visual cortex
Located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe.
F. Function of:
1. Hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature
Produces hormones released by pituitary gland
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates eating
Thirst center
2. Hippocampus
Crucial roles in memory formation, particularly new long-term declarative memories.
3. Medulla oblongata
Cardio vascular center (regulates heart beat)
Regulates breathing
Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccupping
4. Cerebellum
Coordinate of skeletal muscle contractions.
Maintain Normal muscle tone
Posture and Balance
Chapter 17:
A. Semicircular canal (function )
Continuous with the vestibule; filled with fluid needed for balance and dynamic equilibrium.
Cochlea (hair cells function)
B. Presbyopia
Eye's ability to focus decreases with increase in age
Ability to accommodate decreases at around your forties
The more rings you get in the crystalline lens the less is can accommodate
C. Hyperopia
Farsighted
eye focuses light in the back of the retina
Blurry vision up close
D. Myopia
Nearsightedness-can see near but not far
Instead of focusing in the retina, it is focusing in front
E. Cones/Rods
Rods
See dim light
Don’t produce color visión
Cones
Produce color vision
Blue, green and red cones
F. Olfactory receptor location
Found in pseudostratified epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity.
G. Iris (description)
Muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil
H. Cornea (description)
Transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye
I. Conjunctiva (description)
Thin, transparent mucous membrane; covers inner eyelid and anterior part of the idea
J. Primary taste sensations
Sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umani (meaty sensory)
K. Special senses
Smell, vision, taste, hearing, and equilibrium
These senses are specifically located within the head
L. Blind spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
M. Cataract (treatment)
Blurry or cloudy, common condition in older people.
Protein builds up in the lenses of the eye
Correct with lens or surgery (removed of the lens and replaces it with a man made one)
Chapter 18:
A. Posterior Pituitary Gland (Identification and hormones *Understand how Pituitary gland is involved)
Oxytocin
Stimulus contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during birth
ADH antidiuretic hormone
Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume
Decrease water loss through perspiration
Raises blood pressure
B. Anterior Pituitary Gland (Identification and hormones secreted)
hGh Human Growth Hormone
Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone and other tissues
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Females initiate development of oocytes and induces ovarian
Males stimulates testes to produce spern
LH Luteinizing Hormone
In females stimulate secretions of estrogens and progesterone
In males stimulates testes to produce testosterone
PRL Prolactin
Together with other hormones promotes milk production by mammary glands
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic
Stimulus secretions of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex
MSH Melanocyte-stimulating
May influence brain activity
Too much cant cause darkening of skin
C. Adrenal Gland ( top of the kidneys )
1. Cortex (Identification and hormones: general category)
Produce steroid hormones
Essential for life (complete loss of adrenocortical hormone can lead to death due to dehydration and electricity imbalance
2. Medulla (Identification and hormones)
Norepinephrine 20%
Epinephrine 80%
Small amount of dopamine
D. Pineal Gland (location and hormone)
Small endocrine gland
Attach to the roof of 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline
Hormones
Melatonin (promotes sleepiness )
E. Differences in the control of the Pituitary gland)
F. Infundibulum
Attach the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Function is to separate the anterior and posterior pituitary
G. Pancreas (function of hormones)
Insulin
Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
Decreases blood glucose
Secreted in response to high blood glucose
Glucagon
Secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
Stimulates liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrate into glucose
Secreted in response to low blood glucose
Stimulates fat breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol
IDENTIFICATION:
A. Muscles
1. Biceps femoris (function)
2. Deltoid
3. Latissimus dorsi
4. Pectoralis major
5. External oblique
6. Rectus abdominus
7. Temporalis (function)
B. Vision
1. Cornea
2. Retina
3. Sclera
4. Lens
5. Optic nerve
6. Ciliary body/muscle
C. Brain
1. Temporal lobe
2. Frontal lobe
3. Parietal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Medulla oblongata
6. Corpus callosum
7. Cerebellum
8. Pineal gland
9. Pons
10. Olfactory nerve
11. Occularmotor nerve
12. Optic nerve
13. Mammillary bodies
14. Amygdala (function) [Show Less]