BIOS 252: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH RATIONALE
Describe sensation and signal transduction for each of the special senses.
Olfactory- your
... [Show More] ability to smell comes from specialized sensory cells called olfactory sensory neurons which are found in small patch of tissue high inside the nose. Each olfactory neuron has one odor receptor once the neurons detect the molecules, they send messages to your brain which identifies the smell
extending from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell are several olfactory cilia, which are sites of olfactory transduction. Within the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia are olfactory receptor proteins that detect inhaled chemicals. Chemicals bind to and stimulate the olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia. Olfactory receptor cells respond to
the chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential, initiating the olfactory response
Gustation – taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity
Hearing – is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium though time,
Vision- is the act of seeing, it allows us to see potentially dangerous objects in our surroundings
Describe the different kinds of diabetes and how they interact with/are dependent on the endocrine system(Page 663)
Because insulin is unavailable to aid transport of glucose into body cells, blood glucose level is high and glucose “spills” into the urine (glucosuria). Type 1 diabetes, previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), occurs because the person’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells.
Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to illustrate a spinal reflex.
(Page 446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter If you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and you may drop the hot object even before you are consciously aware of the extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a spinal cord reflex—a quick, automatic response to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons only in the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to coma - how are they similar and how do they differ.(Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no response to stimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep
Beta waves- fully awake eyes open
Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting Beta Waves – mental and sensory activity Theta Waves – emotional distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults [Show Less]