Vaccine
a small dosage of dead or inactive pathogens injected into the body
the job of vaccinations
to produce the correct antibodies for a
... [Show More] specific disease so that next time the specific pathogen enters the body your whole blood cells already know how to defeat them
white blood cells
create specific antibodies to fight disease
memory T cells
remember the shape and type of an antigen and can quickly produce more antibodies to defeat the antigens
Herd immunity
If a large portion of a population is vaccinated the diseases decreases and can even be wiped out completely.
aspirin
painkiller, relives headache and sore throats
paracetamol
painkiller, relives headache and sore throats
Antibiotics
drugs that fight bacterial pathogens
communicable disease
diseases that can be passed by person to person by touch, bodily fluids etc
penicillin
discovered by Alexander Fleming and manufactured to kill the bacteria that causes disease
how are antibiotics are usually taken
through a pill or syrup, sometimes through blood if its urgent and serious.
where do viruses reproduce
inside your own cells
why can't viral infections be treated
it is very difficult to produce medicine that kills viruses without damaging your own cells
resistant bacteria
strains of bacteria that do not respond to antibiotics
digitalis
A drug extracted from foxgloves, used to treat heart problems
bark of willow trees
Used to make aspirin
A good medicine is
effective, safe, stable, successfully taken and removed from your body
Pre-clinical trials
Scientists tests the toxicity and efficiency of potential new drugs on cells and tissues
Clinical trials
healthy volunteers and given small doses of it and slowly start taking more and more, half are given a placebo and half the real thing
placebo
a drug that has 100% no affect on your body and only makes you think its making you better
drug licensing
if its safe, effective, stable and successfully taken in and out the people can prescribe and sell the drug.
Double blind trials
neither the doctors nor volunteers know who has the placebo and who has the drug
why do you combine tumor cells with the B lymphocytes?
So that they divide quicker to produce more antibodies
a hybridoma cell
the result in joining a tumor with a B lymphocyte
what are monoclonal antibodies
an antibody made by a single clone of cells that are identical
uses of monoclonal antibodies
pregnancy tests, diagnosis of disease,reasearch, measuring and monitoring, treating disease
Pregnancy tests
monoclonal antibodies bind the the hormone HCG and has a color change if the hormone is present
diagnosis of disease
monoclonal antibodies will bind to a specific disease and will show if its present or not
measuring and monitoring
monoclonal antibodies are used to measure blood levels, hormone levels and can detect if something is of unusual quantities
research
monoclonal antibodies are used to locate and identify specific molecules in tissues and bind them to a fluorescent dye and when the molecule is present the color shows
direct use of monoclonal antibodies triggers the immune system to...
recognize, attack, destroy cancer cell
using monoclonals to block receptors on the surface of the cancer cells to...
stop the cells from growing and dividing
what can monoclonal antibodies carry to fight cancer
toxic drugs or radioactive substances for radiation therapy, stops cells growing and dividing and so they can attack without harming you own cells
Advantages of monoclonal antibodies
1)bind to only what needs treatment
2)Healthy cells are not affected
3)Can treat a wide range of conditions
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
1) created more side affects than expected
2) difficult
3) not as effective and successful as they once were [Show Less]