• Remembering amino acids
o Polar amino acids- Polar bears like water! Polar amino acids = OH, NH, SH or use S.O.N
o Nonpolar amino acids-
... [Show More] hydrophobic- CH “Can’t Have” water - Question w/ pics of amino
acids where you pick out the non-polar (CH) amino acid
Look for CH, CH2, CH3 these are weak interactions that tend to go in the middle
of a protein (aggregation) and are affected by temperature change.
o Ionized amino acids- the charged amino acids +/- attached to them.
Neurodegenerative protein aggregation: Misfolding of a protein structure in Alzheimer’s
Disease the most common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of the aggregated
amyloid-beta fibers another characteristic of Alzheimer’s. The neurodegeneration and memory
loss can be detected before the amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain.
o Caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by
ABNORMAL PROTEIN AGGREGATION.
• Chaperones- molecules that help denatured proteins in folding (they help newly formed
proteins and can also help the misfolded ones)
Know the levels of protein structure
Primary= chain of amino acids, peptide bonds forming a polypeptide chain. Covalent
bond= strong and does not denature - What structure would be unaffected by complete
denaturation of multisubunit? Primary!!!! Peptide bonds are strong and covalent.
Primary formed by peptide bonds
Secondary= alpha helix and beta sheets, held together hydrogen bond, denatured by
salt and pH change. Carboxyl grp and amino grp. secondary held together by hydrogen
bonds. Hydrogen bonds formed from 2 polar amino acids!!!
Which factor is most influential in the formation of a protein’s secondary structure?
The formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Tertiary= 3-D shape (sickle cell, arthritis, hemophilia) Changes seen with ↑temp, salt, change in
pH, and reducing agents. Tertiary structure is HYDROPHOBIC, found on inside, protein structure
is stabilized primarily by the hydrophobic effect, disruption of the hydrophobic effect is the
simplest way to denature—which is done by ↑temp from heating up. [Show Less]