BIO 181 Study Guide (2018-19 Capco) Questions With Answers. A Graded Guide.A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented
... [Show More] in lecture. List these four things:
1. Food2. Shelter3. Reproduce4. Mate
Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.
Each cell has limited biomachines and no division of labor
In Cell Biology what can limit the progress of science?
Technology
The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.
True
A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.
True
Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Fibroblast
The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:Term
Kidney
What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions? write a sentence answer here
Limited biomachines
A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.
False
In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA.
False
In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.
True
A single-celled eukaryotic organism:
Has a limited number of biomolecular machines.Must find food, shelter, a mate and reproduceEscape from predators
In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?
Technology
A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.
True
The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.
False
Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the
list below.
Division of labor
Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?
If the limits are known, advancements can occur
Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?
If the limits are known, advancements can occur and science can progress, if you don't know how technology works, you don't know
what data is being missed
DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.
True
The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of
the cell wall.
True
Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.
True
After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is (pick the best order):
Filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber.
Finish the sentence based on my lectures: The association of ribosomes with _________________ invaginations would support the
______________ theory.
membrane, endomembrane
The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.
False
Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because:
It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food.
In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule.Term
False
A normal cell is ____________and _________________for growth.
mortal, Anchorage-dependent
The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.
True
The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.Term
True
When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.
True
Cancer Cells are...
anchorage independent and immortal
The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super-glue.
True
List one limitation of the cell culture technique.
Has to be kept sterile
List one limitation of the cell culture technique.
1. Not all cells grow in culture2. Cells lose their histotype (in vivo shape) and 3-D structure of tissue is changed3. Metabolism likely
changes
What limits how big a cell can be?
The surface area to volume ratio
TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.
True
Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.
True
Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.Term
True
Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.
True
Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low
concentration.
False
The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
True
What are the two functions of a membrane?
Partition water, and compartmentalize enzymes to increase efficiency of chemical reactions
What are the two functions of a membrane
a barrier from water and compartmentalization
Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?
Essential and nonessential
Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?
1.: Amino acids that can be made in our body
2. : Amino acids that can not be made in our body, and have to be taken in by certain types of food. ( Essential amino acids)
Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?
1. Amino acids that can be made in our body (Non essential amino acids)
2. Amino acids that can not be made in our body, and have to be taken in by certain types of food. (Essential amino acids)
A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.
False
Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles.
The endomembrane system gave rise to these organelles
Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles.
Endomembrane Theory
It is a simple matter (i.e., thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.
False
What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?
Internal membrane flow (endomembrane system)
What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?
Mitochondria and cholorplast by evolution endosymbiotic theory
The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.
False
Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria.
Evolved by way of endosymbiosis
Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria
1. Evolved from the endosymbiotic theory2. Larger primitive prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller primitive prokaryotic cell by endocytosis
but could not digest it. Small one made ATP and released it into the cytoplasm of the larger cell which increased the fitness (health) of
the larger cell. 3. The increased fitness of the larger cell's cytoplasm in return increased the fitness (safety) of the smaller cell.
For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s
membrane:
A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence.
For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s
membrane:
A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence.Definition
If something is soluble in water a of hydration forms around it and it is termed .
Hydrophilic
If something is soluble in water a of hydration forms around it and it is termed
hydroplhyllic
Draw a phospholipid and make sure the numbers of carbons are clearly identified.
What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids, phospholipid has only 2Definition
What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
triglyceride have three fatty acids attached to the glycerol
phospholipids have one of the fatty acids replaced by a phosphate group
Cholesterol is _____ to have in biological membranes.
Good
Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.
Vesicles use ATP to move along the microtubule system, then they move on the actin filament system to reach the plasma membrane
When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:
Ligands that are used in cell communication.
The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:
None of the above.
Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient.
True
What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
Number of passes - ability to filter/act as a channel
What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
single -pass transmembrane protein crosses the membrane once, whereas the 7- pass transmemrbane protein crosses membrane 7
times
What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
A single -pass transmembrane protein crosses the membrane once,
A 7- pass transmembrane protein crosses membrane 7 times
We are made up of ______ percent water.
50-70
The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.
False
The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.
False
Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.
False
What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)?
8 histones (2 H2A, 2 H2B, 2 H3, 2 H4)
What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)?
two H2A, two H2B, two H3, two H4= total of 8 proteins
Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors.
True
Where is the histone H1 found?
Outside of nucleosomal core; acts as a staple holding DNA to nucleosomal core
Where is the histone H1 found
in eukaryotic cell nuclei package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components
of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds
Where is the histone H1 found?
in the DNA; it is used as a "staple " after DNA wrapped around each nucleosomal core
Which cytoskeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?
Intermediate filaments
Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.
False
Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin.
False
Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems?
Actin Filament System and Microtubule System
To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.
True [Show Less]