The Blood and Heart
1. Know the composition of blood and what makes up the formed elements.
a. Is rather a viscous substance that varies from bright
... [Show More] scarlet to a dull red,
depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying
b. 5.5L of blood in average adult
c. Classified as a type of connective tissue because it consists of a nonliving fluid
matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended
d. Formed elements normally account for 45% of whole blood, plasma is
remaining 55%
e. 3 types of formed elements:
i. Erythrocytes (RBCs) – sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport O2
and small amount of CO2
ii. Leukocytes (WBCs) – part of the body’s nonspecific defenses and the
immune system; contains nucleus
iii. Platelets – function in blood clot formation (hemostasis)
2. What are characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs); size, shape, function, anucleate and
life span.
a. Size: 7.5 um in diameter; vary in color from salmon red to pale pink
b. Shape: biconcave disc shape; appear paler in the center than at the edge
c. Function: transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide
d. Anucleate: yes, when mature (cannot reproduce)
e. Life Span: 100-200 days
3. Know the 5 different types of leukocytes and their roles and abundance in blood.
a. Granulocytes:
i. Have peculiar nuclei, which often consist of lobes of nuclear material
connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
ii. 3 types:
1. Neutrophils(1):
a. 50-70% of leukocyte population
b. Nucleus consists of 3-7 lobes
c. Function as active phagocytes and # increases during
acute infections
2. Eosinophils(2):
a. 2-4% of leukocyte population
b. Bilobed shape
c. # increases during allergies and parasite infections
3. Basophils(3):
a. 0.5-1.0% of leukocyte population
b. U or S shaped nucleus
c. Includes histamine, a vasodilator that helps mediate the
inflammatory response
b. Agranulocytes:
i. No observable cytoplasmic granules
ii. Found in bloodstream, but much more abundant in lymphoid tissues
iii. Nuclei is spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
iv. 2 types:
1. Lymphocyte(4):
a. Smallest of leukocytes, approx. size of RBC
b. Function as “warriors” of immune system
c. Represents 20-45% of WBC population
2. Monocyte(5):
a. Largest of leukocytes, approx. twice the size of RBC
b. Functions as an active phagocyte (“long-term cleanup
team”), increasing dramatically in # during chronic
infections such as TB
c. Represents 3-8% of WBC population
c. Megakaryocytes:
i. Platelets are cell fragments of multinucleate cells
ii. Normal count ranging from 150,000-400,000 per cubic mm
4. Be able to identify a monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil.
a. Monocyte: dark blue nucleus, kidney shaped, gray blue cytoplasm
b. Lymphocyte: large dark to purple, generally spherical or slightly indented
nucleus, thin blue rim
c. Neutrophil: 3-7 lobes, pale cytoplasm, red and blue dye
5. Why are platelets necessary?
a. For the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured
6. What is the function of hemoglobin and what metal does it contain to perform this
function?
a. Hemoglobin is the RBC protein responsible for oxygen transport. Metal it
contains is iron.
7. What factors are involved in blood coagulation? What if the body is unable to
produce on of these proteins such as fibrinogen?
a. Factors: tissue factor (TF) and PF3, which trigger the clotting mechanism or
cascade. Both react with other factors and calcium ions to form prothrombin
activator, converts prothrombin to thrombin, which polymerizes soluble
fibrinogen proteins intro insoluble fibrin, which forms the basis meshwork of
strands that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot.
b. Then it would not be able to have your blood clot, leading to excessively
bleeding.
8. Know the procedure used to determine blood type in the lab and understand the
ABO blood types. And, what factor makes it positive or negative?
a. 1) Divide slide into two halves Anti-A and Anti-B2) place a drop of Anti-A on the
left and Anti-B on the right3) draw blood, quickly mix blood with blood antiserum with toothpick4) place slide on Rh typing box and rock back and forth,
after two minutes observe the clumping and record your blood type.
b. Rh factor makes it positive or negative.
9. How is the heart protected from rubbing against the lungs and body cavity as it
moves?
a. The pericardium and serous fluid
10. Know each of the heart chambers and the blood flow through these chambers. (use
FIGURE 20.3 as a guide for blood flow)
a. There are 4 chambers, 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricles, each lined by
a thin serous membrane called the endocardium.
b. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to
the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it
to the left ventricle [Show Less]