UTSG
BIO120H1
FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE○ Three requirments
○ Variation
○ Heredity
○ Selection
○
... [Show More] ***did not understand genetics and mech. Of inheritance
• Darwin's theory
The central unifying concept of bio, influential concept of western
thought
○
○ Primary unit = populations
HOW- determine the physiological or genetic mech. Responsible for
a trait
§
§ WHY- ecological & adaptive sig. of a trait
○ Questions
• Theory of evolution
Micro-evolu. Mechs. ( process orientated and experimental) ¯oevolution =
evolu. History (pattern based and non-experimental)
•
§ Observe, theoretical, comparative, experimental
○ Approaches
§ Organisms on earth have changed through time
§ The changes are gradual not instantaneous
Lineages split or branch by speciation resulting n the generation of
biodiversity
§
§ All species have common ancestors
Most evolutionary change results rom natural selection - the only process
responsible for the evolution of biodiversity and adaptation
§
○ Assumptions
• Approaches and assumptions in evolutionary biology
○ Product of evolu.
○ Process: nat sel.
○ Biodiv- the variety of life on earth/#&kinds of orgs in an area
• Biodiversity and adaptation
Topics and Concepts
Lecture 1 Intro to evolutionary biology
Friday, October 7, 2016 10:22 PM
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com○
§ State: noun: trait
§ Process: verb: process leading to origin of trait
○ Adaptation- state or process
§ Invasive aq. Plant
§ Clonal and sexual reproduction
Proff Barrrett Lab: darwin missing form of water hyacinth, patterns of
genetic div.
○
colonization by a few individuals that start a new population with only
limited diversity compared with the source population
○
• Founder events
○ Water hyacinth cloning = most reproduction
• Clonal propagation
○ Hover or perch during nectar feeding
• Bird pollination
○ Is an adaptation
○ In Rat Tail plant
○ Feeding strategy
○ Efficient cross-pollination and high seed set
○ Remove = reduce fertility and outcrossing
• Perch function
• Reproductive success- example is the bird perch of rat tail
-fitness= performance of transferring genes
-hard to look at an organism and try to understand it without knowing its evolutionary
history
•
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.comWhat is the concept than the individual species
You don’t have to learn the species scientif names, scientific dates
Seedlings that moved farther would survive b/c
1. competing with tree you are underneath so survival rate decreases
that tree also has pests so more likely to get infected by pathogens from
tree that they are under
2.
Adaptive benefits of dispersal
Mothers usually send offspring out b/c they don’t want to compete with
them
Thorns
Production of belshen body etc from acacia tree
Benefit of having ants on plants
When you do remove ant the tree gets covered with beetles (BIOTIC
DEFENSE)
Bare areas in forest à why?
Any plant that colonizes and competes with host that is housing these ants
is a competitor
The original plant wont grow as much so ant wont colonize to their
potential
So the ants kill the competitor plants coming into forbic acid like herbicide
Ants eradicate the competitor
Abiotic and biotic factors = features of environment
Environment is driving force of evolution
Abiotic = physical factors of environment ex. Temp, fire, rainfall, frost, wind
Biotic = other organisms that are affecting the organism we are interested
in ex. Animals/plants/pathogens/pollinators
Tutorial 1
Monday, September 19, 2016 10:06 PM
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find more resources at oneclass.comin ex. Animals/plants/pathogens/pollinators
When bioic factors interact with the specific organism = coevolution
Darwins epiphany:
1. Read 2 books
= Charles = gradualism/world is changing/time
= thomas’s book = carrying capacity = pop will grow exponentially and then
flattens out = asymptote (density dependent mortality)
2. Darwin’s concept of a species
couldn’t figure out which species were which
he doubted fixity
so variation patterns = complicated
species were specially created?? No they EVOLVED
why are there less abiotic interactions in tropical forest?
Temperate forests = species is low so diversity is low so opportunity for
biotic interaction is low
Winter = everything stops, life cycles close
Trap line = particular forager = pollinator has a particular route in a day
Trap line don’t has to be a big route
Germ plasm theory = lamarc was not correct about inheritance
If blacksmith is strong than offspring also has to be strong = WRONG
Trait correlated with utility = trait utility
Phenotypic environment
Natural selection is mechanism that drives adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
Unrelated species look similar because of similar pressures
Divergent evolution
Particular species than is exposed to diff pressures so overtime they evolve
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.comParticular species than is exposed to diff pressures so overtime they evolve
differently = speciation
Overtime diff species evolve diff adaptations = so if you make a hybrid =
genetic problems
Genetic drift = random change in genetics = evolution, unimportant
Drift is promoted by small pop
Stochastic = random
GLOBAL WARMING = EVOLUTION, MIGRATION, ADAPTATION,
EXTINCTION
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com-Genetic Polymorphism - the occurence of more than one morphology type, for example, a
colour polymorphism (in which a plant can be too or three different colours). However, it is
important to keep in mind that polymorphism also refers to many genes.
-High genetic variability is when there are many alleles that be responsible for a trait.
-Some genes don't necessarily affect fitness. Having one allele or another allele doesn't really
affect your fitness. However, Theres evidence that sometimes these neutral genes can have a
small difference in organisms, thus we define these as nearly neutral mutations.
Balancing selection: theres a heterozygous advantage.
Important question:
What would happen if you only had a heterozygous locus? If all species were heterozygous?
They would be asexual or clones. In heterozygous species, they will always be mating and
because we get genes from both of our parents, we will always have homogenous species.
Thus, if there is a heterozygous advantage, this ensures variability. Why? Because it ensures
that theres always homogeneous and heterozygous and not just one phenotype but rather
multiple.
This is why the balance school was generally right. If heterozygosity is not favoured, then certain
species cannot adapt to the changes to the environment.
Polymorphism is very important because it ensures the survival and adaptation of multiple
species. For example, humans have multiple alleles responsible for the type of immune system
that we have. If theres 50 alleles that can code for tthese systems it shows that theres a lot of
genetic variability.
No need to worry too much about trsnponsable genes
Co dominance why so important?
If you have a gene that shows dominance and recessiveness, you cant tell theres a recessive
until multiple generations after.
Through the phenotypes, we can tell the frequency of the homozygous recessive, however, we
cant tell the difference between the homozygous dominantand the heterozygous and thus, if we
wanna see it physically we have to breed it. In other words, before we can actually see if its
dominant heterozygous or dominant homogeneous, we always have to wait until the next
generation. This is really time consuming and thus its better to see the heterozygous genes that
show co dominance.
A generalist ( wild type) contains a lot more genetic variability than the specialist type. Specialist
only occurs in rice fields [Show Less]