Classical Conditioning corrrect answer: learning in which a natural response (e.g., salivation) is
elicited by a conditioned stimulus (e.g., bell) that
... [Show More] previously was presented in conjunction with an
unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food)
- typically deals with INVOLUNTARY responses
Operant Conditioning corrrect answer: learning in which a particular action is elicited b/c it produces a
punishment or reward
- typically deals with VOLUNTARY responses
Reinforcement corrrect answer: target behavior (response) is followed by a desired reward (i.e.,
positive reinforcement) or removal of aversive stimulus (i.e., negative reinforcement)
- part of operant conditioning
Extinction corrrect answer: discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually
eliminates behavior
- can occur in operant or classical conditioning
Punishment corrrect answer: repeated application of aversive stimulus (i.e., positive punishment) or
removal of desired reward (i.e., negative punishment) to extinguish unwanted behavior
- part of operant conditioning
Transference corrrect answer: pt projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto
physician
- ex) psychiatrist is seen as parent
Countertransference corrrect answer: doctor projects feelings about formative or other important
persons onto pt
- ex) pt reminds physician of younger sibling
Ego Defenses corrrect answer: mental processes (conscious or unconscious) used to resolve conflict
+ prevent undesirable feelings (e.g., anxiety, depression)
Immature Defense Mechanism corrrect answer: manifestations of child-like or disturbed behavior
Mature Defense Mechanism corrrect answer: when used in moderation, directly help the pt or others
- *MATURE adults wear a SASH* -- sublimation, altruism, suppression, humor
Acting Out corrrect answer: expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions
- ex) tantrums
- immature defense mechanism
Denial corrrect answer: avoiding the awareness of some painful reality
- ex) a pt with cancer plans a full-time work schedule, despite being warned of significant fatigue
during chemotherapy
- immature defense mechanism
Displacement corrrect answer: redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs.
Projection)
- ex) a teacher is yelled at by the principal; instead of confronting the principal directly, the teacher
goes home + criticizes her husband's dinner selection
- immature defense mechanism
Dissociation corrrect answer: temporary, drastic changes in personality, memory, consciousness, or
motor behavior to avoid emotional stress; pt has incomplete or no memory of traumatic event
- ex) a victim of sexual abuse suddenly appears numb + detached when she is exposed to her
abuser
- immature defense mechanism
Fixation corrrect answer: partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. Regression)
- ex) a surgeon throws a tantrum in the operating room b/c the last case ran very late
- immature defense mechanism
Idealization corrrect answer: expressing extremely positive thoughts of self + others while ignoring
negative thoughts
- ex) a pt boasts about his physician + his accomplishments while ignoring any flaws
- immature defense mechanism
Identification (Introjection) corrrect answer: largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics,
qualities, or traits of another person or group
- ex) a resident starts putting his stethoscope in his pocket like his favorite attending, instead of
wearing it around his neck like before
- immature defense mechanism
Intellectualization corrrect answer: using facts + logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful
situation
- ex) in a therapy session, pt diagnosed w/ cancer focuses only on rates of survival
- immature defense mechanism
CONTINUES... [Show Less]