3 Principles of Behavior
reinforcement, punishment, extinction
4 Functions of Behavior
SEAT
Sensory, escape/avoidance, attention,
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Anecdotal Data
A method of descriptively recording the behavior emitted by the learner, the response of others, and information about the environment.
Antecedent
What occurs before a behavior that then influences behavior; an environment or a stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest
Applied Behavior Analysis
The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change; The scientific study of principles of learning and behavior
How could you assist in training stakeholders?
Train stakeholders by giving them instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback with regard to behavior skills training
Attention Function
A function of behavior in which the individual is reinforced by receiving attention from others.
Automatic Reinforcement
(AKA self-stimming) The behavior itself is reinforcing and is not dependent on social interaction or receiving a tangible item.
Backward Chaining
Training begins the link with the last behavior in the sequence.
Trainer performs all but the last step until the learner masters the last step.
Then trainer performs all but the lasts two steps until learner masters the last two steps and so on.
Baseline Data
Data taken before an intervention takes place.
Describes the existing level of performance.
Chaining
A specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition.
When components are linked together, they form a chain that produces a terminal outcome.
Components of a Written Behavior Plan
1. Identify, describe, create a goal for a behavior in observable terms.
2. Assess antecedent/consequence that may maintain behavior.
3. Identify hypothesis of function of behavior.
4. Identify possible replacement behaviors.
5. Select and implement antecedent/consequence based interventions.
6. Create crisis intervention plan.
7. Implementation, modification, generalization and maintenance procedures.
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Conditioned Response
A behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learning by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
A previous neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself.
Consequence
Events that follow behavior and may influence it including increasing or decreasing it in the future; may be reinforcers or punishers.
Contingency
Refers to an if _______, then ________ relationship between a behavior and a consequence.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement from another response class; behavior receiving reinforcement should increase while the behavior for which reinforcement is being withheld should decrease.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)
Focus on increasing a desirable alternative behavior that directly or indirectly interfere with the performance of the undesired target behavior (i.e., reinforce knitting or giving self manicure instead of biting nails; reinforce appropriate language use instead of punishing swearing at others)
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI)
Similar to DRA but you choose an alternative behavior to reinforce that, if performed, would be incompatible with undesired target behavior (i.e., playing nicely vs. fighting; on-task behavior vs. off-task behavior; in seat vs. out of seat; deep breathing vs. yelling)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)
Entails reinforcing for reductions in the frequency of the undesired behavior. Often used when an individual is engaging in a behavior too frequently (bathroom, calling out)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DRO)
Providing a reinforcer after a particular time frame without the target behavior (i.e., engaging in any other behavior except the target behavior) E.g., every 5 minutes without hitting, individual receives a sticker.
Direct Observation Preference Assessment
Identify what is motivating the individual.
The more time spent with an item, the stronger the presumed preference.
Discrete Trial Training
Structured instructional methodology used to teach new behaviors; Designed to maximize a learner's potential by presenting information in a three-part teaching unit; Based on Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (A.k.a ABC; Stimulus-Response-Consequence); Main objective is to teach children how to learn from their natural environment and make learning reinforcing.
Discrimination Training
Procedure to teach between two targets.
Trial training using phases.
(i.e. phases 1 - 6 Mass Trials of target, Block Trials, and Random Rotation)
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
Environmental cue or instruction that signals that reinforcement is available for a target behavior; a type of stimulus that is used consistently to gain a specific response and that increases the possibility that the desired response will occur.
Duration Data
Data that is a calculation of the amount of time a behavior occurs.
The amount of time a response is performed.
Track from onset to offset.
Typically used for behaviors that last too long or too short. (i.e. on task behavior, social interactions, engaging in stereotypy)
Echoic
A type of verbal operant that occurs when the speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker; Occurs in response to other verbal behavior; Listener is "echoing" what they hear
Errorless Learning
Teaching procedures that are designed in such a way that the learning does not have to - and does not - make mistakes as she or he learns new information or procedures.
DTT is Errorless Learning.
Escape/Avoidance Function
A function of behavior to escape or avoid having to do something.
Ethical
Pertaining to right and wrong in conduct; Being in accordance with the rules or standard for right conduct or practice.
Extinction
Removal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior.
Extinction Burst
Prior to the behavior decreasing you will see a temporary increase in behavior; Immediate increase in frequency in responding. [Show Less]