which of the following is a part of the adaptive immune system?
a. antimicrobials
b. mucus
c. commensal micro-organisms
d. B-cells
B-cells;
... [Show More] produce antibodies in response to specific pathogens and are part of the adaptive immune system.
which of the following is a white blood cell that has the primary job of ingesting foreign material?
a. B-cell
b. helper t-cell
c. macrophage
d. basophil
macrophage; this is a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
which of the following stimulates the production of antibodies?
a. immunoglobulin
b. interferon
c. vaccine
d. cytokines
vaccine; a solution of dead or weakened pathogens that can be introduced to the body for the purpose of stimulating antibodies
which of the following types of defense can be gained through the placenta, breast milk, or by receiving a serum containing antibodies?
a. cell-meditated immunity
b. innate immunity
c. passive immunity
d. nonspecific response immunity
passive immunity; temporary passive immunity can be gained naturally, through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, by receiving a serum containing antibodies
which of the following processes occurs during tubular reabsorption?
a. urine from filtrate moves back into the bloodstream
b. renin from urine moves back into the bloodstream
c. useful material moves from filtrate back into the bloodstream
d. filtrate from the bloodstream moves back into urine
useful material moves from filtrate back into the bloodstream ; tubular reabsorption is the movement of useful material from filtrate back into the bloodstream
which of the following correctly describes the function of a structure in the circulatory system?
a. the aorta contains oxygen-poor blood
b. the pulmonary vein takes blood away from the heart
c. the pulmonary artery takes blood away from the lungs
d. the pulmonary artery contains oxygen-poor blood
the pulmonary artery contains oxygen-poor blood; the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to lungs
which of the following structures of the heart contains oxygen-rich blood?
a. superior vena cava
b. right ventricle
c. right atrium
d. pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins; the pulmonary veins bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
which of the following components of the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?
a. plasma
b. lymphocytes
c. leukocytes
d. hemoglobin
hemoglobin; hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
which of the following liquids emulsifies lipids during digestion?
a. chyme
b. salvia
c. bile
d. amylase
bile; bile is a product of the liver that is stored by the gallbladder and is able to emulsify lipids during digestion
which of the following terms refers to the involuntary waves of contractions in the digestive system that move food through the gastrointestinal tract?
a. retroperistalsis
b. gastric reflux
c. segmentation
d. peristalsis
peristalsis; peristalsis is the involuntary contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. it squeezes food along within the digestive tract
which of the following terms refers to the part of the nervous system that causes skeletal muscle contractions?
a. involuntary division
b. somatic division
c. autonomic division
d. visceral division
somatic division; the somatic division controls the skeletal muscles of the body
renal arteries are defined as which of the following?
a. branches of the inferior vena cava that supply the kidneys
b. branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
c blood vessels that carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
d. blood vessels that carry blood from the kidneys to the abdominal aorta
branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys; the renal arteries are the two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
which of the following results from a deficit in the production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone?
a. there is an over production of thyroid-stimulating hormone
b. the thyroid gland becomes overactive
c. an overproduction of growth hormone will cause excessive growth
d. the thyroid glad does not produce a sufficient amount of its primary hormone
the thyroid glad does not produce a sufficient amount of its primary hormone; thyrotropin-releasing hormone triggers the production of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland
which of the following hormones is released and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?
a. follicle-stimulating
b glucagon
c. oxytocin
d. thyroid
oxytocin; oxytocin is a hormone made by the hypothalamus an released by the posterior pituitary. one of its functions is to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth
which of the following is a mechanism that stimulates glandular secretions to continue to increase, temporarily pushing levels further out of homeostasis, until a particular biological effect is reached?
a. thermoregulation
b. negative feedback
c. puberty
d. positive feedback
positive feedback; positive feedback is a mechanism that stimulates glandular secretions to continue to increase, temporarily pushing levels further out of homeostasis until a particular biological effect is reached , such as the expulsion of the fetus during childbirth
inhibited function of the sweat glands could result in which of the following?
a. loss of the ability to regulate body temperature
b. absorption of metabolic waste through the skin
c. increased production of protective oils
d. decreased integumental vasodilation
loss of the ability to regulate body temperature; sweating is a major mechanism of thermoregulation. it is one way that the skin helps to lower body temperature into homeostatic ranges
which of the following provides a practical means of warming the body via integumental thermoregulation?
a. cutaneous vasodilation
b. sweating
c. cutaneous vasoconstriction
d. tensing of the arrector pili muscles
cutaneous vasoconstriction; this is a decrease in the diameter of blood vessels in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin. it minimizes heat loss from blood through the skin
which of the following is a result of inhibited osteoblast function at the epiphyseal plate?
a. mineralization will not occur in this location
b. a pathological overabundance of collagen will be produced in this location
c. hydroxyapatite will be deposited in this location
d. the periosteum will develop at a pathological rate
mineralization will not occur in this location; osteoblasts are bone cells that produce secretions blocking the inhibition of mineralization that takes place elsewhere in the body
if mineral resorption is prevented, and calcium is not removed from bone, which of the following occurs?
a. the resulting pathology is called hypocalcemia
b. the pathology of tetany can be prevented
c. the resulting pathology is called achondroplastic dwarfism
d. the resulting pathology is called hydroxyapatite
the resulting pathology is called hypocalcemia; hypocalcemia is a deficit in plasma calcium. it can be caused when calcium is not liberated from bone to be allowed to enter the blood
which of the following terms refers to a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function?
a. tissue
b. organ
c. organelle
d. organ system
organ; an organ is a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
which of the following terms refers to the small passages of the respiratory system that terminate in air sacs?
a. bronchioles
b. pleura
c. alveoli
d. bronchi
bronchioles; they are small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli, air sacs located in the lungs
which of the following scenarios would result in the human zygote containing chromosomes instead of the typical 46 chromosomes?
a. the chromosomes do not separate properly during mitosis
b. the chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
c. a second sperm fertilizes the ovum
d. the zygote replicates the DNA of the one additional chromosome after fertilization
the chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis; meiosis occurs during gamete production to divid the number of chromosomes compared to body cells. if chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis, atypical numbers of chromosomes can result in gametes
which of the following structures transport female gametes?
a. urethra
b. vas deferens
c. fallopian tube
d. cervix
fallopian tube the fallopian tubes are female structures that carry gametes from the ovaries to the uterus
which of the following processes occurs within the cell nucleus?
a. translation of mRNA into a protein
b. charging of tRNA with amino acid
c. production of rRNA for cell division
d. transcription producing mRNA
transcription producing mRNA; transcription producing mRNA occurs within the cell nucleus. transcription directly uses DNA as a template, which is located in the nucleus
which of the following describes the function of acetylcholine in a neuromuscular junction?
a. binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma, which results in the opening of sodium channels
b. slows the action potential along the sarcolemma
c. opens calcium channels in the axon terminal, which results in the release of sodium into the neuromuscular junction
d. results in repolarization of the sarcolemma
binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma, which results in the opening of sodium channels; acetylcholine triggers depolarization of the sarcolemma, which initiates action potential
which of the following is the function of myelin in the nervous system?
a. to secrete neurotransmitters
b. to insulate axons
c. to produce melanin
d. to provide nutrition cell bodies
to insulate axons; myelin is a protective sheath around some axons
which of the following considered the fundamental contraction unit of striated muscle?
a. sarcomere
b. sarcolemma
c. intercalated disk
d. I band
sarcomere; a sarcomere contains actin and myosin, which slide past one another resulting in contractions
which of the following hormones inhibits osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood calcium levels?
a. insulin
b. parathyroid hormone
c. oxytocin
d. luteinizing hormone
parathyroid hormone; parathyroid hormone causes an increase in blood calcium levels by promoting release of calcium from the bone into the bloodstream
according to the sliding filament theory, which ion binds with troponin on the actin myofilaments, causing the myosin-binding sites to be exposed?
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. magnesium
calcium; calcium binds with troponin on the actin myofilaments, causing the myosin binding sites to be exposed
which of the following cell types can differentiate to become several other types of cells?
a. stem cells
b. gametocytes
c. mast cells
d. leucocytes
stem cells; stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate and become several other types of cells
viral DNA that has been inserted into the host DNA would be found in which of the following?
a. mitochondria
b. vacuoles
c. nucleus
d. ribosomes
nucleus; the nucleus contains the host DNA
which of the following is a unique feature of mitosis?
a. generation of variation
b. production of identical daughter cells
c. formation of synaptonemal complex
d. reduction in number of chromosomes
production of identical daughter cells; mitosis is the production of identical daughter cells [Show Less]