1. synthesize proteins from amino acids, embedded in the rough ER. 2. involved in synthesizing materi- als that are transported out/with- in of the cell
... [Show More] 3. sacs used for storage, diges- tion and waste removal. Only one large one in plant cells 4. small organelle, moves material within a cell 5. consists of microtubules (made from proteins) that help shape and support the cell ribosomes golgi apparatus vacuole vesicles cytoskeleton 6. liquid material within a cell cytosol 7. refers to cytosol and the struc- tures within the plasma mem- brane of the cell 8. has ribosomes on the surface, comprises the transport system 9. does not have ribosomes on surface, comprises the transport system 10. structure generates atp, cellular differentiation, cell cycle and cell growth regulation. numerous in eukaryotes (animal cells) 11. contains chromosomes and passes on genetic traits (DNA) cytoplasm rough er smooth er mitochondria nucleus 12. chromosomes rods of DNA 13. the dna and proteins that make up chromosomes 14. within the nucleus, involved in protein synthesis, and synthe- sizes and stores RNA 15. encloses the structures of the nucleus, made from lipids 16. involved in the exchange of ma- terial between the nucleus and cytoplasm chromatin nucleolus nuclear membrane nuclear pores 17. liquid within the nucleus nucleoplasm 18. involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the me- tabolism of carbohydrates, syn- thesis of lipids, steroids and pro- teins. 19. protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal. 20. primary organelles for photo- synthesis. It contains the pig- ment called chlorophyll. Endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes chloroplasts 21. solid to liquid melting 22. liquid to solid freezing 23. liquid to gas vaporization 24. solid to gas sublimation 25. gas to solid deposition 26. gas to liquid condensation 27. ph lower than 7 acidic (water ,hydrochloric acid) 28. pH greater than 7 base (cleaning ingredients) 29. How can you calculate the num- ber of protons of an element? number of protons is the same as the atomic number on the top of the element 30. how do you calculate the number Atomic Mass - Atomic Number = # of of neutrons? Neutrons 31. Mitosis The daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell 32. Meiosis daughter cells have different gene coding than parent cell 33. INTERPHASE cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material 34. PROPHASE Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms 35. METAPHASE Spindle moves to the *center* of the cell and chromosome pairs *align* along the center of the spindle structure. 36. ANAPHASE chromosomes start to pull away from each other (daughter chromosomes 37. TELOPHASE spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes revert to chro- matin. 38. CYTOKINESIS physical pulling of the cell into two cells. 39. covalent bond sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms 40. ionic bonds relationship between two oppositely charged ions 41. electrons shared equally nonpolar covalent bond 42. electrons shared unequally polar covalent bond 43. ion an atom gains or loses electrons, making it negatively or positively charged 44. genotype genes forming an individual 45. recessive genes genes that aren't expressed 46. allele determines the manifestation of genes 47. cation positively formed when an atom loses one or more electron 48. anion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons 49. segmentation involuntary process occurring in the large intestine 50. haustral contractions form of segmentation that moves chyme from one haustrum to the next 51. Mass peristalsis movements that occur 2-4 a day to push chyme towards the rectum 52. salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of polysac- charides into simpler sugars 53. lingual lipase breaks down lipids 54. mucin a protein that helps to form a gel-like coat- ing that lubricates the bolus of food 55. parietal cells of stomach secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption 56. chief cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase 57. pepsin Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments, inactive form is pepsinogen 58. mucous cells secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes 59. endocrine G cells secrete release hormones such as gastrin into the blood and do not contribute to gastric juices 60. Enteroendoncrine cells secrete CCK, which stimulates the aci- nar cells of the pancreas to release en- zyme-rich juices. 61. secretin stimulates duct cells to release bicarbonate-rich so- lution that raises pH 62. microvilli tiny folds of the apical cell membrane (small intestine) that increase surface area. 63. jejunum main site for absorption 64. duodenum shortest segment but widest 65. CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord, in- tegrates sensory information 66. PNS (peripheral nervous sys- tem) cranial nerves and spinal nerves, sends information to AND from the CNS 67. Somatic Nervous System (SNS) the part of the peripheral nervous sys- tem that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles 68. autonomic nervous system the part of the peripheral nervous sys- tem that controls the glands and the mus- cles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. 69. interoreceptors (viscerorecep- tors) respond to stimuli arising in internal vis- cera and blood vessels 70. Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch 71. Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals (olfactory and taste receptors) 72. photoreceptors (rods and cones) respond to light 73. Proprioceptors within the inner ear, skeletal muscles, and joints provide information about move- ment, position, and equilibrium 74. sensory (afferent) neurons neurons of the PNS that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord 75. motor (efferent) neurons Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites (muscles and glands) 76. phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off, action potentials decrease over time. e.g include chemoreceptors 77. Tonic receptors adapt slowly, alerting CNS of the stimu- lus with action potentials. e.g include pro- prioreceptors, photoreceptors and nocire- ceptors 78. FSH (follicle stimulating hor- mone) stimulated by GnRH, targets gonads, stimulates maturation of sperm cells and ovarian follicles 79. LH (luteinizing hormone) targets the gonads - stimulates the pro- duction of sex hormones; surge stimu- lates ovulation in females 80. oxytocin targets uterus and breasts. stimulates contractions and milk production 81. ADH targets kidneys, increases water retention 82. Calcitonin targets bones and kidneys, lowers blood calcium levels 83. parathyroid hormone targets bone and kidneys. raises blood calcium levels 84. Calcitriol increases calcium retention 85. layers of the skin in order stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stra- tum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stra- tum basale 86. which layer of the skin contains desmodomes? stratum spinosum 87. which layer of the skin contains granules of keratohyalin? stratum granulosum 88. which layer of the skin contains flattened keratinnocytes found in the palms and soles. also called eleidin? stratum lucidum 89. stratum corneum which layer has keratin-contain- ing squamous cells? 90. where can you find abundant keratinocytes? 91. which layer of the skin contain langerhan cells (phagocytes)? 92. where are the cutaneous recep- tors that detect light found in the skin (merkel cells)? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum basale 93. appocrine glands lie deeper in the dermis, activate onset of puberty in response sex hormones 94. eccrine glands glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body 95. hyaline cartilage Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose 96. elastic cartilage cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage, found in the epiglottis and external ear 97. Fibrocartilage cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. 98. ligaments Connect bone to bone 99. tendon connects muscle to bone [Show Less]