ATI TEAS 6 - Science (Human Anatomy and Physiology)
Hierarchy of Structures
Lowest Hierarchy level is at Organelles within a cell. They obtain
... [Show More] energy from food and reproduction.
-Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called Tissues.
-Tissues are collected into Organs, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter out waste (kidneys).
-Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions,
like nourishing the body (digestive) or protecting the body from attacks (immune).
Cell Parts
Organelles: Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.
The Nucleus
-Nucleus: Small structure that contains Chromosomes and Regulates the DNA of a cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for the passing on of genetic traits
between generations.
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
Chromosomes
Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. DNA is genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal.
Chromatin
Consists of the DNA and Proteins that make up chromosomes.
Nucleolus
Structure contained within the nucleus, consists of proteins. Small, Round, and does not have a membrane. Involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA.
Nuclear Envelope
Encloses the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids.
Nuclear Pores
Involved in exchange of material between nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm
Liquid within the membrane and is similar to cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane
"Plasma Membrane"
-Made of Lipids and Proteins
-Isolates the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate with the outside environment.
-Consists: Phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external environment.
~Cholesterol: Adds stiffness and flexibility
~Glycolipids: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
~Proteins: Help give cells shape
~Special Proteins: Helps cell communicate with external environment.
~Other Proteins: Transport molecules across membrane
Selective Permeability
With regard to size, charge, and solubility.
-Size: Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it. Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the cells membrane.
-Charge: Ions on a cells surface either attracts or repels ions. Ions with like charges are repelled, and ions with opposite charges are attracted to the surface.
-Solubility: Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through the membrane. Many are not able to diffuse the membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by active transport and vesicles
Cell Structures
Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
-Make up about a quarter of a cell.
-Some are embedded in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Involved in synthesizing materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell.
~Modifies and Packages proteins secreted from the cell.
-Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.
Vacuoles
Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal.
-Plant: Has one large vacuole
-Animal: Has small, sometimes numerous vacuoles.
Vesicles
Small organelle within a cell, has a membrane.
-Functions: Moving materials within a cell.
Cytoskeleton
Consist of microtubules that help shape and support the cell.
Microtubules
Part of cytoskeleton.
-Help support the cell.
-Made of proteins
Cytosol
Liquid materials in the cell. Mostly water, also contains floating molecules.
Cytoplasm
Refers to Cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus.
Cell Membrane
Acting as a barrier. Helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out.
-Helps determine what is allowed to exit and enter.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types:
-Rough ER: Has ribosomes on surface.
~Functions: Manufacture lysosomal enzymes, Manufacture of secreted proteins. (Protein production, protein folding, quality control, and despatch)
-Smooth ER: Has no ribosomes.
~Functions: Manufacture Lipids (fat), Metabolism, Steroid Hormone production (adrenal cortex and endocrine glands), Helps liver detox.
-Tubular Network that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extendsthrough cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
Mitochondria
Vary in terms of size and quantity. Has various functions.
-Functions: Production of Cell Energy (ATP) (Main function), Cell Signaling (Communications are carried out), Cell Differentiation (Cell transforms into a cell with more specialized purpose), Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation (Growth and Death, Reproduction).
-Inner and Outer membrane:
~Inner: Encloses the matrix. Contains mtDNA and ribosomes.
~Between the 2 Membranes: Cristae (Folds). Chemical reactions occur here
that release energy, Control Water Levels in cells, and Recycle and Create Proteins and Fats.
-Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in Mitochondria.
Animal Cell Structure
Contains: Centrosomes, Centriole, Lysosome, Cilia, Flagella Centrosome
Pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other and surrounded by protein.
-Involved in Mitosis and Cell Cycle
Centriole
Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus.
-Involved in Cellular Division
-Each cylinder consist of 9 Groups of 3 Microtubules. Occurs in pairs.
Lysosome
-Functions: Digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Also transports undigested substances to the membrane do they can be removed. Shape depends on material being transported.
Cilia
Appendages extending from the surface of the cell.
-Moves the cell and results in fluid being moved by the cell. Flagella
Tail-like structures on cell that use whip-likemovements to help move the cell. Longer than Cilia. Only has one or a few flagella.
Cell Cycle
The process by which a cell reproduces which involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division.
-Complex organisms: Use the cell cycle to replacecells as they lose their functionality and wear out.
-In Animals: Cell Cycle can take 24 hours.
-Human Skin Cells: Constantly reproducing.
-2 Ways for Cell Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell differentiation
Determines the different cell types
-When less-specialized cell becomes a more-specialized cell. Process is controlled by genes of each cell among a group of cells known as a zygote.
-Cell builds certain proteins and other pieces that set it apart as a specific type of cell.
~Example: Gastrulation (early phase in embryonic development in animals) Mitosis
Events that occur: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
Interphase
Cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material.
-Further divided into G1, S, G2 (Meiosis)
Prophase
-Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
-Pairs of Centrioles move to opposite sides and spindle fibers begins to form.
-Mitotic Spindle moves chromosomes around wishing the cell.
Metaphase
Spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure.
Anaphase
Pair of chromosomes, sisters, begin to pull apart and may bend. When they separate, they are called daughters. Grooves then appear in cell membrane.
ssor T cells, and helper T cells Where are Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are produced? red bone marrow
Leukocytes can be classified as
• monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells)
• granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils)
• T lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• natural killer cells
Monocytes - macrophages and dendrite cells
• Largest phagocytes = macrophages in lymphocyte tissue - which engulf and destroy pathogen
• Dendritic cells present antigen to T cells Granulocytes
• Neutrophils - short-lived phagocytes that respond quickly to invaders
• Basophils - alert body of invasion
• Eosinophils - large, non-living that defend against multicellular invaders Neutrophils
short-lived phagocytes that respond quickly to invaders Basophils
alert body of invasion Eosinophils
large, non-living that defend against multicellular invaders T Lymphocytes
T cells, helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells Helper T cells
help fight infection by producing antibodies and other chemicals Killer T cells
destroy infected cells Suppressor T cells
stop or "suppress" the other T cells when the battle is over Memory T cells
remain in blood on alert incase the invader attacks again B Lymphocytes
B cells - produce antibodies Natural Killer Cells
a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.
Define an Antigen
substances that stimulate immune system B cells differentiate into?
plasma and memory cells Plasma cells produce?
antibodies specific to that pathogen Antigens are typically?
proteins on the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Drugs, toxins, and foreign particles can also be antigens Memory cells remain in blood stream to?
protect against future infections from same pathogen
The skeletal system is divided into 2 parts. What are they?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton
80 bones, including skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column (spine) and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton
126 bones, bones of arms, feet, legs, hands, hips and shoulders Functions of the Skeletal System
• Movement - action of skeletal muscles on bones moves the body
• Mineral storage - bones serve as storage facilities for essential mineral ions
• Support - bones act as a framework and support system for the organs
• Protection - bones surround and protect key organs in the body
• Blood cell protection - red blood cells are produced in the marrow of certain bones Bones are classified as
long, short, flat, or irregular
Red blood cells , an important site of red blood cell production
fills the spongy tissue of many bones.
Muscles and ligaments support the? flexible and curved backbone
Joints are?
areas of contact adjacent to bones Synovial joints
the most common, and are freely movable. Found at the shoulders and knees Cartilaginous joints
fill the spaces between some bones and restrict movement. Example - between vertebrae
Fibrous joints
have fibrous tissue connecting bones and no cavity is present Compact bone is also known as
cortical bone Compact bone
• Consists of tightly packed cells
• Strong, dense, and rigid
• Haversian canals runs vertically through compact bone. They're surrounded by lamellae (concentric circles on bone tissue) - the spaces between are called lacunae Spongy (Cancellous) Bone:
• Consists of trabeculae
• Lightweight and porous which helps reduce the bone's overall weight
• Red blood marrow manufactures red and white blood cells
• In long bones, the diaphysis consists of compact bone surrounding the marrow cavity and spongy bone containing red marrow in the epiphyses.
Trabeculae
network of girders with open spaces filled with red bone marrow. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
interphase
When does the nuclear division of somatic cells take place during cellular reproduction? mitosis
The rate of a chemical reaction depends on all of the following except? amount of mass lost
Which law says, "for a given mass and constant temperature, an inverse relationship exists between the volume and pressure of gas?"
Boyle's Law. PV= c, where c = constant What is not a product or respiration? glucose
Which blood vessel contains the LEAST-oxygenated blood? pulmonary artery
Which layer of the heart contains striated muscle fibers for contraction of the heart? Myocardium
How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
Both occur in humans, animals, and plants
What process should the DNA within a cell undergo before cell replication?
DNA should replicate so that daughter cells have the same amount of DNA material after cell division
Which characteristic is part of a person's genotype?
Black hair that grows rapidly, being fast runner, CFTR genes that causes cystic fibrosis, or brown eyes that appear hazel in the sunlight?
CFTR genes that causes cystic fibrosis Where is the interstitial fluid found?
in tissues around the cells
Which type of cell secretes antibodies? plasma cells
Where does gas exchange occur in the human body? alveoli
An atom has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom?
Negative. Because the atoms has MORE electrons than protons, the atom has a negative charge.
Describe the vein, nerve, and artery found underneath the rib in DESCENDING order. Vein, Artery, Nerve
Primary function of the spleen
It filters microorganisms and other foreign substances from the blood Which of the following does not contain blood vessels:
Hypodermis Hyperdermis Dermis Epidermis
Epidermis - first layer of skin
Which structure has the lowest blood pressure? Vein
Which heart chamber is the most muscular? Left ventricle
Which part of the brain interprets sensory information?
Cerebrum
The flow of blood in heart goes in what direction? right to left
Where does bile come from? pituitary gland Macromolecules
large and complex, play an important role in cell structure and function.
Genome
complete set of genes or DNA in an organism Gene
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Ex) determines hair color Flat bones
• Thin, roughly parallel surfaces
• Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
• Protect underlying soft tissues
• Provide surface area for skeletal muscle attachment
Long bones
• Relatively long and slender
• Examples: various bones of the limbs
• Femur (long bone of the thigh) is the largest and heaviest bone in the body
Short bones
• Small and boxy
• Examples: bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)
Irregular bones
• formed between cranial bones
• Number, size, and shape vary
Independent variable
variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. Are also variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable.
ATI Teas - Science - Scientific Reasoning
STUDY
Meter
Measures length
Liter
Measures volume
Gram Measures mass
Metric Prefixes for Multiples
Graduated Cylinders
Used for measuring exact volume of liquids.
- Can be glass or plastic.
- Cannot be heated
Burette
A piece of lab glassware used to accurately dispense liquid
Flasks and Beakers
Are used for mixing, transporting, containing and reacting but are not appropriate for measuring
Pipettes
Measures small amounts of liquids accurately
Balances
Measure mass and force Data Collection
capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete the processing of transactions Scientific Process Skills
- Observation (without bias)
- Hypothesizing (educated guesses)
- Data-Analysis (categorizing)
- Compare results w/other published results
- Draw logical results
- Communicate results and conclusions
Hypothesis
proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.
Assumptions
Premises for which no proof or evidence is offered.
Cause
The reason that an action or reaction takes place
Effect
A change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
.
Single cause = Multiple Effects
Cause: Because you left your homework on the table the dog ate it.
Effect: You received a failing grade; you can't go out with friends; missed out on a new movie
Single Effect = Multiple Causes Effect: Alan has a fever
Cause: an unexpected cold front came through the area; Alan forget to take his multi- vitamin to avoid getting sick
Effect = Cause of another Effect
Lynn studied for her exam, passed her test w/ high marks; resume was accepted
Meters
Height in a patient or length of an extremity
Millimeters Diameter in a vein
Kilograms
Weight of a patient
Grams
Weight of a human heart
Years, Months, Days Lifespan of a patient
Breathes per minute
Measuring a number of breathes a person takes
Scientific Method
Ideas are tested and either confirmed or refuted by experimentation
- Formulating the problem
- Form a hypothesis (educated guess)
- Test by experimentation
- Draw conclusions
Experimental Design
- The plan for a controlled experiment
- Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions. (placebo/medication)
- Data collected
- Data analyzed & presented Controls
Aspects of the experiment kept the same
Controls
Aspects of the experiment kept the same Independent Variable
The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable
The result of the experiment that is observed and recorded
ATI Teas 6 Reading- Key Idea and Details
Topic Definition
A noun or noun phrase that encapsulates the subject matter of writing.
-Examples: arteries, acid, alleles mammals or recycling How to identify purpose of the reading
Asking "What am I reading about?" And "What is important to know about it?"
-Author will include key details, or supporting details that systematically show and support the point the author is trying to make.
-Once topic is identified, you should be able to identify and rephrase key ideas/points. Key Ideas definition
Ideas that support the controlling idea. Rephrasing
-Once hints in details are found, you should be able to synthesize the key ideas/points to rephrase ideas.
-First step: Analyze (break down) the key ideas.
-Second Step (final): Rephrase key ideas to understand the main idea. Evaluate the similarities and differences.
Structure for Conclusion
Found by key terms and descriptions providing structure for common understanding.
-Ask "What can I infer based on what I've just read?" How reader uses the text
Must observe facts, delineate arguments and discern valid information provided. Then must combine what the author has provided with individual experiences to draw inference from the selection.
Conclusion definition
A deduction made by the reader about an unstated outcome from a reading passage. Asks the reader to analyze and make a decision based on predictions, details, evidence, and results.
Inference defintion
"Reading between the lines" of what is stated. Otherwise, applying logic to facts and evidence coupled with recognizing the context clues provided. Suggests an idea by details and evidence in passage.
Key terms include what?
Those that provide sequence or chronology, descriptive words and phrases, and words that convey value judgements and opinion.
-Can provide explicit information and implicit information that allow the reader to make inference.
Explicit information definition Clearly stated
Implicit information defintion Something not clearly stated
What to identify to delineate key points that support the topic? Identify the topic and authors main idea
What to demonstrate
Comprehension of a text by explaining how supporting details clarify the main idea.
-Ask "What's the topic and what's the authors main idea about the topic?" Then examine supporting details and how they relate to the main idea.
Comprehension defintion Ability to understand Delineate defintion Describe precisely Evidence defintion
Proof to support idea How to identify main idea
Read that passage then locate the sentences that emphasize, elaborate, or clarify this information.
Topic answers what questions?
"Who or what is the paragraph about?" Location of topic
Should appear near the beginning of the paragraph and include main idea.
-Topic must not be too specific or too general. Identify supporting or key ideas
Ask the topic sentence: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How?
What else is important for key ideas?
Discerning between relevant and irrelevant ideas Relevant ideas defintion
Connected to the idea being discussed
-Relate back to topic sentence.
Irrelevant ideas defintion Not applicable to the idea
-Unrelated, and some times random.
Procedures
Can be found in an text, like recipes and manuals.
Sequential information offers readers the ability to safely, effectively, and efficiently, complete activities.
-Process of writing, editing, and revising. Language features and Structure
Includes: signal words, words that assist the reader in recognizing the relationship among steps, and simple, objective language.
-Objective language: Impartial, non-judgmental, not-personal, and non-emotional. Directions
-Once reader has identified all features of procedure.
-Very specific, using language that tells how to accomplish the steps.
Common Types of Procedural Text
Include: Steps in an activity and steps in operating a system or object. Highest Occurring Components of Procedural Writing are?
Headings/subheadings, numbering/alphabetizing, steps, charts, diagrams, and photographs for step clarification.
Printed Communications
Include: Memos, announcements, advertisements.
-Join people together that have common interests and share information amongst those that desire further detail.
Printed Public Announcement
-Inform public about organizations, upcoming events, and services.
-Message is short, design is simple and eye-pleasing, and information is easily accessible.
-Content should include: Link to information access, information about supporting organization, and supporting details (In images and short phrases, if possible) Classified Advertisment
Printed Advertisment selling of soliciting something.
-Generally short, detailed text offering items and services.
-Example: Print/Online newspapers, magazines, blogs and forums.
~Blogs: Website that is usually informal and independently run.
~Forums: Online message board.
-Included in Advertisement:: Headline that engages the reader, item or service offered, a call to action (phone number, email, address)
Graphic Representation
Allows readers to comprehend important verbal and written ideas in accessible form.
- Most include titles and subheads that summarize complex information. Common features: titles, subheads, keys/legends, and scales.
-Also, assist readers in selecting important information that might otherwise be missing by portraying the key parts that make up a whole.
Include- Bar, pie, and flow charts, graphs, maps, and illustrations.
Features of Graphic Representation
Maps: titles, legends, and scales.
~Titles: Articulate the purpose of the map.
~Legend: Clarifies what the symbols, colors, and shapes represent.
~Scale: The distance between points. Recognizing Events in a Sequence
-Powerful benefits like remembering information, understanding text, and analyzing information.
-Know the different between Sequential and Chronological Sequential
A fixed order in which there is a legend pattern.
~Example: Pages in a Book
-Signal words: first, then, second, at the beginning, finally, now, prior to, next, while, when, afterward, last, before, after, subsequently.
Chronological
In an order in which they happen and requires a time element. When one even occurs and ends then when another even begins.
~Signal words:
When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
How often: always, rarely, often, never, seldom
Length of Time: all year, all season, all day, since, one day.
Assists readers with keeping track of occasions in narrative and informational text. Without a time frame then the reader will get confused.
Teas 6 Reading- Craft and Structure
Distinguish between Fact and Opinion, Biases, and Stereotypes
Identify POV (point of view) by discerning between facts and opinions, bias, and stereotypes, tone, and word choice.
Point of View
Way the author considers the subject of writing.
-Ways to identify POV for purposes of in-depth comprehension, challenging the author and text, and viewing the subject through licenses:
Read multiple text on same subject: Compares facts, opinions, biases and stereotypes.
Identify authors word choice: Recognize tones (authors feeling) Conclude what is missing from text: Determine POV by omission Imagine authors side in a debate: Evaluate the biases and stereotypes. Facts and Opinions
Fact can be proven and Opinion can NOT.
-Facts should be determined whether they are reliable or not.
-Opinions can have bias. Used to mislead or persuade reader. Stereotypes and Biases
Stereotype: Biased belief about a person or group and doesn't recognize individual differences or social distinction.
~Influenced by parents, peers, social opinions, and the media.
~Can be positive or negative. Regardless, they have negative consequences.
Bias: Tendency toward a preconceived idea.
~Preferential viewpoint that often doesn't allow for important or objective discussion.
-Differences that assist in Identification:
Stereotype: Writer remains nonemotional and uses general statements. Writer might have facts based upon researched biases and falsely supported assumptions.
Bias: Writer uses emotionally charged word choice and figuartive language. Writer purposefully omits facts due to a usual lack of validation.
Modes
Forms of writing. Classification of rhetorical writing.
-Persuasive, expository, narrative.
Types of Writing
The text that fall under each mode.
-Expository: Compare/Contrast, Procedure, and Cause and Effect.
-Narrative: Myths, Biographies, Short stories, Poetry, and Novels.
Persuasive/Argumentative
To convince the reader to believe something about the topic.
~Convince to feel, think, or behave a certain way.
-Includes: facts, details, examples, and persuasive word choice along with logical order of thought development.
-Must portray a strong opinion.
-The reason answers why to any claim (topic), Evidence shows (with facts, details, or
examples) what the claim looks like. Analysis explains how the evidence is supporting the claim and wraps up the paragraph.
Problem/Soluntion*
Persuasive
-Includes: Introduction of the problem being addressed, a description of the problem, a plausible solution to the problem, and a closing that challenges the reader to take action.
-Signal Words: The problem, so that, for this reason, if....then , because, this led to, a
solution, one reason for. Expository
Author informs, explains, or tells how to.
-Does not include opinions but only uses facts and examples.
-Uses logical order of least to most important, most to least important, or detailed step- by-step.
Cause and Effect
Cause: Why something happens.
Effect: What happened
-Signal Words: Due to, consequently, as a result of, if....then , was responsible for, as
might be expected, make possible by, since. Compare/Contract
Compare: Find similarities
Contrast: Identify differences
-Signal Words: On the contrary, similarly, have in common, in spite of, in like manner, compared to, in the same way, as well as.
Procedure Signal Words
First, next, then, last, in closing, to begin with, accordingly, to finish. Narrative
Authors can entertain, inform, and challenge reader through diverse structures. Tell stories through sensory details that assist readers in experiencing events.
- Use chronological order
- Or use devices that foreshadow, flash back, and created an image in the readers mind.
-Signal Words: Abruptly, after a few days, gradually, instantly, from this point, this instant, until now, sporadically, on the next occasion, not long ago, previously, recently. Identify Correct Definition of a Word
-Find context clues to help provide for the meaning of the word.
Root Words and Affixes:
Root is the base of a word and can have a prefix or suffix add to make a meaning.
~Example: Root= fract (break) Suffix= -tion
Comparing Signal Phrases:
Clue being provided to help clarify
Definition:
Provided as a restatement of the phrase
-Example or Illustration:
Examples given to provide a hint towards definition. Figurative/Connotation
Figurative: Figure of speech/Metaphor
~Metaphor: Comparison between unlike things without using like or as. Using is
~Simile: Comparison between unlike things using likeor as
~Personification: Giving human attributes to something nonhuman Connotation: Implied meaning of a word or idea.
-"Reading between the lines"
~The tone can influence the reader and affect the mood. Denotative Meaning of Words
Dictionary definition
-Using a Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Oxford English) Connotative
More complex, and is a combination of a words definition and its suggested meaning based on context and emotions or associations evoked by a word.
Evaluating Purpose in a given text
-Figure out if text is to entertain, inform, or persuade. Where does text appear?
-Excerpt from a novel, Short story, Magazine/Television AD.
-If in magazine, could have tried to inform
-Novels, short stories, and poems are created to entertain
-Advertisments are created to persuade
-Can have more than one purpose or a different purpose.
What is the structure of the text? Can help determine authors intent. Narrative:
-Appear in stories or poetry, often serve to entertain.
-Include: A plot and one or more characters trying to overcome an obstacle or solve a problem.
Informational:
-Can take many forms (Instructions, Textbooks), but include section headings that may be in bold or underlined types.
-Includes: Bulleted/Numbered lists, Short phrases that might not complete sentences, Images with captions, Maps, and Diagrams.
Persuasive:
-Advertisments (to sell a service, product, or idea), Newspaper (express opinions intended to persuade about topic/local interest). Some may be disguised.
What is the authors tone?
Determined by examining specific words used in a piece of writing.
-Inform: Use straightforward, neutral language that lacks emotional correlation.
-Persuade: Use emotionally-charged language coupled with images to evoke a specific emotion in readers.
-Paying attention to the authors words can help determine the intended message. Evaluate POV in a given text
Identify the kinds of sources being used, Thinking about who the author is, what groups their associated with, type of publication where writing appears, whether sources are reliable or not (fact or opinion), where writing fits into a larger context, information relevant or not.
Text Features
Parts of a text that stand out from a larger text for a reason
-Examples: bold, print, italics, and footnotes.
-Used to orient the reader, provide additional information, provide a clear organizational structure, background knowledge, quickly locating information.
~Indentation: Helps organize and clarify text
~Easily Identified: Sidebars, footnotes, and map legends. Trying to draw attention
Headings/Subheadings
Heading: Title, bold, larger than sub.
Subheadings: Title of a subdivision of information with larger text. Bold, but smaller than heading.
Sidebars
Used in History textbooks.
-Include: Photograph or imagine of person along with additional details or two of personal life.
Underline/Italics
Common features but often more confusing to interpret.
Standard uses for Italics:
-Titles of works (books), foreign words/phrases, and for emphasis Footnotes
Used in informational text to offer more in-depth information about a topic.
Usually use numbers in subscript, or small numbers set slightly abode the line of text. Found at the bottom of the paper.
TEAS 6 Reading- Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Identifying Primary Sources in various media
Refers to artifacts, letters, recordings, images, and other media that have not been altered from original state. The only thing separating the reader from its creator.
-Example: Pictures in museum that are the "original" are Primary Source Documents but if those pictures are put into textbooks they are just "copies" and are no longer Primary Source Documents.
-May include secondary sources within them. Secondhand accounts of events.
-Used to gain valuable information about a specific time or place.
Using evidence to make what?
Predictions and inferences, and draw conclusions about a piece of writing.
-Draw conclusions by making predictions and inferences.
-Using evidence to support how you came to the conclusion.
-Vague Details given: Author wants you to ask questions, form hypotheses, and draw potentially important details to predict actions, plot twists, and story resolutions. (Technique used to help predicts foreshadowing)
-Inference: Like a prediction but more subtle.
-Example: Author using numbered list, Reader might predict that authors is giving instructions or providing a list.
~Title can be considered a prediction
~Word meanings. Using words around an unknown word can provide clues to the meaning of a word.
Compare/Contrast themes from Print and Other Sources
Theme: Broad concept engaged with by a piece of art.
~Present in short/long works of fiction/nonfiction, no print sources like films and radio broadcasts.
Some themes are obvious but other will need different parts of the text pulled in order to recognize them.
~Novels engage with several themes and in several ways.
Common Themes in Classic Literature
Power, Motherhood, Freedom, And Privilege. Themes that are easily learned are from culture, geographic area, and time period.
Authors take different perspectives on a single theme.
-Genre: A group of relate writing or other media. Impact how a theme is addressed.
-Films: Note more powerful themes. Filmmakers choose to display and comment on themes in many ways.
~Camera angles: Showing subject from below can depict them as powerful or important. Subject shown as being very small compared to vast landscape depicts theme as powerless.
Evaluate Argument and its Specific Claims
Argument: Set of reasons to make a case for an idea Argument is stated and author will provide evidence to support it. Claim: Statement that something is true
-Arguments preceded by words like I think or I believe, but strong pieces do not include those words; instead author includes a very strong argument by stating something is or should
be true.
-Evidence: Often stated after argument, but could be stated before argument (purposely made last).
~Reputable sources are more reliable and helps support an argument.
~May use false evidence because they don't have enough to support argument. Look for inconsequential or out of alignment with argument.
Evaluate and Integrate Data from Sources in Various Formats
-Use multiple data sources so that an understanding can be based on multiple perspectives.
~Library Media Specialist (Information Specialist) will help locate relevant information.
-May include: Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams.
Organizing Information:
Organize in a logical manner by using a Coding System that makes sense to you.
Like marking information with abbreviations, colors, or anything to help physically sort it into physical or electronically folders.
Synthesis: Putting all information back together. [Show Less]