Breast Cancer Etiology & Risk Factors
- No single known cause
- Age, Genetics, Family History
- Nulliparity or first child after age 30
- Menstrual
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- Hormone replacement
- Alcohol
Diagnosing Breast Cancer
- Mammography
- Recommended screening yearly beginning at age 40
- Breast exam
- Ultrasound
Breast Self Exam (BSE)
- Goal of screening for breast cancer is early detection, cannot prevent breast
cancer
- Early detection reduces mortality rate
- Teach breast self-examination
- Look for symmetry of breasts
- Inspect nipple for dimpling or retraction
- Inspect for redness
Post- Op Nursing Care: Mastectomy
- Restrict use of arm on affected side
- Monitor output from JP drains
- Keep affected arm elevated
- Encourage ambulation
- Advance from clear liquids to regular diet
- Pain management
- Psychosocial support
- Patient education
adjuvant therapy for breast cancer- In addition to surgical removal of breast, patients may receive radiation or
chemotherapy
- Chemo standard of care for pts who have nodal involvement
Lung Cancer
- Leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide
- Poor long-term survival due to late-stage diagnosis
- 5 year survival rate is 56% if detected early and localized
- Most diagnosed late
- If metastasis, 5 year survival rate is 5%
Lung Cancer Etiology
- Smoking, causes 85% of lung cancers
- Inhaled substances: asbestos, radon, coal, iron, tar, air pollution
- Genetics
Lung Cancer S/s
• Hoarseness
• Persistent cough
• Blood tinged sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Chest pain
• Dyspnea
• Recurring episodes of pleural effusion
• Wheezing
• Weight loss
• Anorexia
• Dysphagia
Lung Cancer Diagnosis
• Patient history
• Chest X Ray
• Chest CT scan
• Bronchoscopy
Lung Cancer Treatment- Chemotherapy or Radiation therapy
- Surgery: Wedge Resection, Lobectomy, or Pneumonectomy
Chest Tubes
- Drain placed in pleural space to restore intrapleural pressure
- Allows for re-expansion of lung
- Drains air and fluid
- Connected to 6 feet of tubing
Nursing Considerations for Chest Tubes
• Monitor output
• Monitor vital signs, pulse ox
• Auscultate lungs
• Assess dressing for bleeding, integrity
• Assess tubing, making sure no kinks
• Do not strip or "milk" the tubing
• Keep vaseline gauze and clamps at bedside
Nursing Interventions for Lung Cancer Patients
• Pain management
• Lung assessment, respiratory assessment
• Administration of chemotherapy if ordered
• Psychosocial support
• Patient education
Colorectal Cancer
- Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
- Etiology: Age >50 yr, genes, Personal/family history of cancer, Familial
adenomatous polyposis, Smoking, Obesity, High fat diet, Low fiber diet
- 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths [Show Less]