Aldosterone is released by the adrenal cortex upon stimulation by:
A. Renin
B. Angiotensinogen
C. Angiotenisinogen I
D. Angiotensinogen II - Answer-
... [Show More] D. Angiotensinogen II
Clinical Assays for tumor markers are most important for:
A. screening for the presence of cancer
B. monitoring the course of known cancer
C. confirming the absence of disease
D. identifying patients at risk for cancer - Answer- B. Monitoring the course of known cancer
Detection of which of the following substances is most useful to monitor the course of a patient with testicular cancer?
A. alpha-fetoprotein
B. carcinoembryonic antigen
C. prolactin
D. testosterone - Answer- A. alpha-fetoprotein
Increased concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in adults are most characteristically associated with:
A. hepatocellular carcinoma
B. alcoholic cirrhosis
C. chronic active hepatitis
D. multiple myeloma - Answer- A. hepatocellular carcinoma
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is most likely to be produced in a maignancy involving the:
A. Brain
B. Testes
C. Bone
D. Colon - Answer- D. Colon
Which of the following is useful in the detection an management of carcinoma of the prostate?
A. total prostate-specific antigen
B. prostatic acid phosphatase
C. human chorionic gonadotropin
D. alpha-fetoprotein - Answer- A. total prostate-specific antigen
Which of the following statements most correctly describes the utility of clinical laboratory assays for tumor markers?
A. tumor markers are useful to screen asymptomatic patients for tumors
B. tumor markers are highly specific
C. tumor markers indicate the likelihood of an individual developing a tumor
D. tumors are useful in tracking the efficacy of treatment - Answer- D. tumors are useful in tracking the efficacy of treatment
Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) is a tumor marker associated with:
A. breast carcinoma
B. colon cancer
C. lung cancer
D. ovarian and endometrial carcinoma - Answer- D. ovarian and endometrial carcinoma
In addition to carcinoma of the prostate, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can occur due to:
A. aspirin therapy
B. exogenous steroid use
C. benign prostatic hyperplasia
D. statin therapy (cholesterol lowering drugs) - Answer- C. benign prostatic hyperplasia
A drug has a half-life of 6 hours. If a dose is given every 6 hours, a steady-state drug level would usually be achieved in:
A. 3-5 hours
B. 10-12 hours
C. 24-42 hours
D. 48-50 hours - Answer- C. 24-42 hours
The drug procainamide is prescribed to treat cardiac arrhythmia. What biologically active liver metabolite of procainamide is often measured simultaneously?
A. phenobarbitol
B. quinidine
C. N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA)
D. lidocaine - Answer- C. N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA)
Cocaine is metabolized to:
A. carbamazepine
B. codeine
C. hydrocodone
D. benzolecgonine - Answer- D. benzolecgonine
The metabolite 11-nor-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-COOH can be detected by immunoassay 3-5 days after a single use of:
A. methamphetamine
B. ccaine
C. benzodiazepine
D marijuana - Answer- D. marijuana
A 3-yr-old child was evaluated for abdominal pain and anorexia by a physician. A CBC revealed a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL (98 g/L) and basophilic stippling of the RBC's. The doctor should order further tests to check for poisoning from:
A. arsenic
B. iron
C. mercury
D. lead - Answer- D. lead
A carbonate salt used to control manic-depression disorders is:
A. digoxin
B. acetaminophen
C. lithium
D. phenytoin - Answer- C. lithium
An antiepileptic (or anticonvulsant) used to control seizure disorders is:
A. digoxin
B. acetaminophen
C. lithium
D. phenytoin - Answer- D. phenytoin
A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchial passages is:
A. acetaminophen
B. lithium
C. phenytoin
D. theophylline - Answer- D. theophylline
A cardiac glycoside that is used in the treatment of congenital heart failure and arrythmias by increasing the force and velocity of myocardial contraction is:
A. digoxin
B. acetaminophen
C. lithium
D. phenytoin - Answer- A. digoxin
A salicylate level is performed to detect toxicity caused by ingestion of excess:
A. acetaminophen
B. aspirin
C. ibuprofen
D. psuedoephedrine - Answer- B. aspirin
Lithium therapy is widely used in the treatment of:
A. hypertension
B. hyperactivity
C. aggression
D. manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder - Answer- D. manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder
Testing for the diagnosis of lead poisoning should include:
A. erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP)
B. urine delta-aminolevulinic acid
C. whole blood lead
D. zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) - Answer- C. whole blood lead
Blood received in the laboratory for blood gas analysis must meet which of the following requirements?
A. on ice, thin fibrin strands only, no air bubbles
B. on ice, no clots, fewer than 4 air bubbles
C. on ice, no clots, no air bubbles
D. room temperature, no clots, no air bubbles - Answer- C. on ice, no clots, no air bubbles
In a specimen collected for plasma glucose analysis, sodium fluoride:
A. serves as a coenzyme of hexokinase
B. prevents reactivity of non-glucose reducing substances
C. precipitates proteins
D. inhibits glycolysis - Answer- D. inhibits glycolysis
As part of a hyperlipidemia screening program, the following results were obtained on a a 25-yr-old woman 6 hours after eating:
triglycerides: 260 mg/dL (2.86 mmol/L)
cholesterol: 120 mg/dL (3.12 mmol/L)
Which is the best interpretation of these results?
A. both results are normal and not affected by the recent meal
B. cholesterol is normal, but triglycerides are elevated, which may be attributed to the recent meal
C. both results are elevated, indicating a metabolic problem in addition to the nonfasting state
D. both results are below normal despite the recent meal, indicating a metabolic problem - Answer- B. cholesterol is normal, but triglycerides are elevated, which may be attributed to the recent meal
Blood was collected in a serum separator tube on a patient who has been fasting since midnight. The time of collection was 7 AM. The laboratory test which should be recollected is:
A. triglycerides
B. iron
C. LD
D. sodium - Answer- A. triglycerides
Unless blood gas measurments are made immediately after sampling, in vitro glycolysis f the blood causes a:
A. rise in oH and PCO2
B. fall in pH and a rise in PO2
C. rise in pH and a fall in PO2
D. fall in pH and a rise in PCO2 - Answer- D. fall in pH and a rise in PCO2
Which of the following serum constituents is unstable if a blood specimen is left standing at room temperature for 8 hours before processing?
A. cholesterol
B. triglyceride
C. creatinine
D. glucose - Answer- D. glucose
An arterial blood specimen submitted for blood gas analysis was obtained at 8.30am but was not received in the laboratory until 11am. The technologist should:
A. perform test immediately upon receipt
B. perform test only if specimen was submitted in ice water
C. request a venous blood specimen
D. request a new arterial specimen be obtained - Answer- D. request a new arterial specimen be obtained
A 24-hour urine specimen (total volume=1,136 mL) is submitted to the laboratory for quantitative urine protein. Calculate the amount of protein excreted per day, if the total protein is 52 mg/dL.
A. 591 mg
B. 487 mg
C. 220 mg
D. 282 mg - Answer- A 591 mg
The following results were obtained:
urine creatinine: 90 mg/dL
serum creatinine: 0.90 mg/dL
patient's total body surface: 1.73 m2
total urine volume in 24 hours: 1500 mL
Given the above data, the patient's creatinine clearance, in mL/min, is:
A. 104
B. 124
C. 144
D. 150 - Answer- A. 104 mL/min
Which of the following is the formula for calculating absorbance given the percent transmittance (%T) of a solution?
A. 1-log(%T)
B. (log(%T))/2
C. 2 x log(%T)
D. 2-log(%T) - Answer- D. 2-log(%T)
Which of the following is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
A. pKa =pH + log ([acid]/[salt])
B. pKa = pH + log ([salt]/[acid])
C. pH = pKa + log ([acid]/[salt])
D. pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid]) - Answer- D. pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid])
The creatinine clearance (mL/min) is equal to:
A. urinary creatinine (mg/L)/[volume of urine (mL/min) x plasma creatinine (mg/mL)]
B. [urinary creatinine (mg/mL) x volume (mL/min) x plasma creatinine (mg/mL)]
C. (urinary creatinine (mg/L))/[volume (mL/hour) x plasma creatinine (mg/L)]
D. [urinary creatinine (mg/L) x volume (mL/hour)] / plasma creatinine (mg/mL) - Answer- B. [urinary creatinine (mg/L) x volume (mL/min)] / plasma creatinine (mg/L)
Normally the bicarbonate concentration is about 24 mEq/L and the carbonic acid concentration is abut 1.2; pK=6.1, log 20=1.3. Using the equation pH=pK + log ([salt]/[acid]), calculate the pH.
A. 7.28
B. 7.38
C. 7.40
D. 7.42 - Answer- C. 7.40
Which of the following methods is susceptible to the solvent displacing effect that results in falsely decreased electrolyte values?
A. indirect ion-selective electrodes
B. direct ion-selective electrodes
C. spectrophotometric
D. fluorescence - Answer- A. indirect ion-selective electrodes
To detect barbituate abuse when analyzing urine specimens, immunoassay os the method of choice for screening. The method of choice for confirmation is:
A. nephelometry
B. thin-layer chromatography
C. gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
D. ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy - Answer- C. gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
When separating serum protein by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, using Veronal buffer at pH 8.6, beta globulin migrates:
A. faster than albumin
B. slower than gamma globulin
C. faster than gamma globulin
D. faster than alpha-2 globulin - Answer- C. faster than gamma globulin
Hemoglobin S can be separated from hemoglobin D by which of the following methods?
A. agar gel electrophoresis at pH 5.9
B. thin-layer chromatography
C. alkali denaturation
D. ammonium precipitation - Answer- A. agar gel electrophoresis at pH 5.9
What is the proper pH for the buffered solution used to perform serum protein electrophoresis?
A. 5.6
B. 7.6
C. 8.6
D. 9.6 - Answer- C. 8.6
The buffer pH most effective at allowing amphoteric proteins to migrate toward the cathode in an electrophoretic system would be:
A. 4.5
B. 7.5
C. 8.6
D. 9.5 - Answer- A. 4.5
An electrode has a silver/silver chloride anode an a platinum wire cathode. It is suspended in KCl solution and separated from the blood to be analyzed by a selectively permeable membrane. Such an electrode is used to measure which of the following?
A. pH
B. PCO2
C. PO2
D. HCO3 - Answer- C. PO2
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in blood is usually determined by means of which of the following electrodes?
A. silver
B. glass
C. platinum
D. platinum-lactate - Answer- B. glass
An automated method or measuring chloride which generates silver ions in the reaction is:
A. coulometry
B. mass spectrometry
C. chromatography
D. polarography - Answer- A. coulometry
Coulometry is often used to measure:
A. chloride in sweat
B. the pH in saliva
C. bicarbonate in urine
D. ammonia in plasma - Answer- A. chloride in sweat
In a pH meter reference electrodes may include:
A. silver-silver chloride
B. quinhydrone
C. hydroxide
D. hydrogen - Answer- A. silver-silver chloride
Most automated blood gas analyzers directly measure:
A. pH, HCO3, and % O2 saturation
B. pH, PCO2, and PO2
C. HCO3, PCO2, and PO2
D. pH, PO2, and % O2 saturation - Answer- B. pH, PCO2, and PO2
Blood PCO2 may be measured by:
A. direct colorimetric measurement of dissolved CO2
B. a self-contained potentiometric electrode
C. measurement of CO2-saturated hemoglobin
D. measurement of CO2 consumed at the cathode - Answer- B. a self-contained potentiometric electrode
Valinomycin enhances the selectivity of the electrode used to quantitate:
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. potassium
D. calcium - Answer- C. Potassium
Which blood gas electrode is composed of silver/silver chloride reference electrode and glass?
A. PO2
B. pH
C. PCO2
D. HCO3 - Answer- C. PCO2
Most chemical methods for determining total protein utilize which of the following reactions?
A. molybdenum blue
B. ferri-ferrocyanide
C. resorcinol-HCl
D. biuret - Answer- D. biuret
Bromcresol purple at a pH of 5.2 is used in a coloremetric method to measure:
A. albumin
B. globulin
C. Bence Jones protein
D. immunoprotein - Answer- A. albumin
Magnesium carbonate is added to an iron binding capacity determination in order to:
A. allow color to develop
B. precipitate protein
C. bind with hemglobin iron
D. remove excess unbound iron - Answer- D. remove excess unbound iron
The most specific method for the assay of glucose utilizes:
A. hexokinase
B. glucose oxidase
C. glucose-6-phosphatase
D. glucose dehydrogenase - Answer- A. hexokinase
Which of the following calcium procedures utilizes lanthanum chloride to eliminate interfering substances?
A. o-cresolphthalein complexone
B. precipitation with chloranilic acid
C. chelation with EDTA
D. atomic absorption spectrophotometry - Answer- D. atomic absorption specttrophotometry
Before unconjugated bilirubin can react with Ehrlich diazo reagent, which of the following must be added?
A. acetone
B. ether
C. distilled water
D. caffeine - Answer- D. caffeine
The most widely used methods for bilirubin measurement are those based on the:
A. Jaffe reaction
B. Schales and Schales method
C. 8-hydroxyquinoline reaction
D. Jendrassik-Grof method - Answer- D. Jendrassik-Grof method
In the Malloy and Evelyn method for the determination of bilirubin, the reagent that is reacted with bilirubin t form a purple azobilirubin is:
A. dilute sulfuric acid
B. diazonium sulfate
C. sulfobromophthalein
D. diazotized sulfanilic acid - Answer- D. diazotized sulfanilic acid
In the Jendrassik-Grof reaction for total bilirubin, bilirubin reacts wth diazotized sulfanilic acid to form:
A. diazo bilirubin
B. biliverdin
C. azobilirubin
D. bilirubin glucurnide - Answer- A. diazo bilirubin
In the assay of lactate dehydrogenase, which of the following products if actually measured?
A. NADH
B. ATP
C. lactic acid
D. pyruvic acid - Answer- C. lactic acid
In the assay of lactate dehydrogenase (LD), the reaction is dependent upon which of the following coenzyme systems?
A. NAD/NADH
B. ATP/ADP
C. FE++/Fe+++
D. Cu/Cu++ - Answer- A. NAD/NADH
Refer to illustration:
This represents the change in absorbance at 340 nm over a period of 8 minutes in an assay for lactate dehydrogenase. True statments abut this figure include:
A. the reaction follows zero order kinetics between 5 and 8 minutes
B. the reaction is proceeding from lactate pyruvase
C. nonlinearity after 6 minutes is due to substrate exhaustion
D. the change in absrbance is due to reduction of NAD and NADH - Answer- A. the reaction follows zero order kinetics between 5 and 8 minutes
The International Federation for Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) recommends the use of methods such as the Bessery-Lowry-Brock method for determining alkaline phosphatase activity. The substrate used in this type of method is:
A. monophosphate
B. phenylphosphate
C. disodium phenylphosphate
D. para-nitrophenylphosphate - Answer- C. disodium phenylphosphate
Which of the following is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1, 6-diphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
A. aldolase
B. phosphofructokinase
C. pyruvate kinase
D. glucose-6-phosphate dehydroxygenase - Answer- D. glucose-6-phosphate dehydroxygenase
The substance that is measured to estimate the serum concentration of triglycerides by most methods is:
A. phospholipids
B. glycerol
C. fatty acids
D. pre-beta lipoprotein - Answer- A. phospholipids
Which of the following methods for quantitation of high-density lipoprotein is most suitable for clinical laboratory use?
A. Gomori procedure
B. homogenous
C. column chromatography
D. agarose gel electrophoresis - Answer- B. homogenous
A chemiluminescent EIA:
A. measure absorption of light
B. is less sensistive than radioisotopic reactions
C. is monitored by the use of a gamma counter
D. is quantitated by the amount of light produced by the reaction - Answer- B. is less sensitive than radioisotopic reactions
The osmolality of a urine or serum specimen is measured by a change in the:
A. freezing point
B. sedimentation point
C. midpoint
D. osmotic pressure - Answer- D. osmotic pressure
Which of the following applies to cryoscopic osmometry?
A. temperature at equilibrium is a function of the number of particles in solution
B. temperature plateau for a solution is horizontal
C. freezing point of a sample is absolute
D. initial freezing of a sample produces an immediate solid state - Answer- A. temperature at equilibrium is a fun [Show Less]