loss of DNA --> nuclear pallor = - ANSWER-karyolysis
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia = - ANSWER-pyknosis
fragmented, pyknotic nucleus = -
... [Show More] ANSWER-karyorrhexis
architecture is preserved in what necrosis? - ANSWER-coagulative
bacteria/fungus/inflammation/enzymes are part of what necrosis? - ANSWER-liquifactive
WBC recruitment steps - ANSWER-margination/rolling --> adhesion --> transmigration --> migration
WBC rolling via _____ - ANSWER-selectins
WBC adhesion via ____ - ANSWER-integrins
Virchow's triad of thrombosis - ANSWER-endothelial injury + stasis/turbulent blood flow + hypercoagulability
most abundant collagen - ANSWER-type I
collagen in scar tissue, tendons, ligaments - ANSWER-type I
collagen in cartilage - ANSWER-type II
reticular collagen type - ANSWER-type III
BM collagen type - ANSWER-type IV
what does vWF do? - ANSWER-helps platelets adhere to endothelium
FBN1 mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-Marfan syndrome
fibrillin mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-Marfan syndrome
mutated collagen = what disorder - ANSWER-Ehlers-Danlos
musty urine odor = what disorder - ANSWER-PKU
mutated beta-hexosaminidase A = what disorder - ANSWER-Tay Sachs
increased gangliosides = what disorder - ANSWER-Tay Sachs
mutated sphingomyelinase/increased sphingomyelin = what disorder - ANSWER-Neimann Pick
mutated glucocerebrosidase/increased glucocerebroside = what disorder - ANSWER-Gaucher
trisomy 13 aka - ANSWER-Patau
Patau = - ANSWER-trisomy 13
trisomy 18 aka - ANSWER-Edwards'
Edwards' = - ANSWER-trisomy 18
3 viable trisomies - ANSWER-13, 18, 21
maternal imprinting - ANSWER-silencing of maternal allele
paternal imprinting - ANSWER-silencing of paternal allele
#1 infant tumor - ANSWER-hemangioma
#1 extracranial child tumor - ANSWER-neuroblastoma
PDK1 mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-adult PKD
polycystin-1 defect = what disorder - ANSWER-adult PKD
PKHD1 mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-childhood PKD
fibrocystin defect = what disorder - ANSWER-childhood PKD
MHS2/MLH1 mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-HNPCC/Lynch
most common newborn viral infection - ANSWER-CMV
Hyaline membrane disease - ANSWER-defective surfactant --> solid, airless lungs in infant
Beckwith-Wiedemann - ANSWER-macrosomia/large tongue/large kidneys
kidney, pancreas, adrenal issues
earlobe creases
type I HS - ANSWER-immediate, allergy
type II HS - ANSWER-Ab-mediated
HS type of myasthenia gravis - ANSWER-II
HS type of Grave's - ANSWER-II
HS type of pernicious/hemolytic anemia - ANSWER-II
HS type of Goodpasture's - ANSWER-II
type III HS - ANSWER-immune complex (Ag-Ab) mediated
HS type of serum sickness - ANSWER-III
HS type of arthus rxn - ANSWER-III
arthus rxn - ANSWER-localized tissue necrosis from acute immune complex vasculitis
type IV HS - ANSWER-delayed via Tcells
wire loop glomerulonephritis = - ANSWER-lupus
hyperacute rejection - ANSWER-min-hours (previous instance)
acute rejection - ANSWER-days-weeks
chronic rejection - ANSWER-months-years
AIDS = CD4+ < ____ - ANSWER-200
AL amyloid - ANSWER-plasma cells
AA amyloid - ANSWER-chronic inflammation
Abeta amyloid - ANSWER-Alz
TTR amyloid - ANSWER-senile/elderly
hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis + linear glomerulonephritis = - ANSWER-Goodpasture's
most common cancer to "seed" - ANSWER-ovarian
most common cancer to spread via lymph - ANSWER-carcinoma
most common cancer to spread via blood - ANSWER-sarcoma
what is based on histo and predicts tumor behavior? - ANSWER-grade
what is based on tumor size/LN/mets and determines prognosis? - ANSWER-stage
treponema pallidum causes what disease - ANSWER-syphilis
what type of organism causes syphilis? - ANSWER-spirochete (T. pallidum)
chancre = 1st sign of what? - ANSWER-syphilis
Vit B12 def --> - ANSWER-weakness
sore tongue
parathesias
ATP7B mutation = what disorder - ANSWER-Wilson's disease
what affect does benign HTN have on BV/kidney? - ANSWER-hyaline arteriosclerosis/arterionephrosclerosis
granulomatous inflammation of aorta + weak UL pulse = - ANSWER-Takayasu arteritis
polyarteritis nodosa is ~ with what? - ANSWER-HepB
s/p viral infection in youth --> coronary artery vasculitis = ? - ANSWER-Kawasaki disease
Buerger disease aka - ANSWER-thromboangiitis obliterans
<35 yo smoker with chronic inflammation of radia/tibial arteries = ? - ANSWER-Buerger disease
normal heart weight - ANSWER-F: 250-300g
M: 300-350g
normal RV and LV thickness - ANSWER-RV: 0.3-0.5
LV: 1.3-1.5
P overload --> what effect on heart - ANSWER-concentric hypertrophy (//)
V overload --> what effect on heart - ANSWER-ventricular dilation (series)
ductus arteriosus = remnant of what arch - ANSWER-6th
Tetrology of Fallot - ANSWER-VSD
hypoplastic pulmonary trunk
overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy = boot shaped
how long until a heart attack is grossly apparent - ANSWER-12 hours
fibrosis after heart attack takes how long - ANSWER-2 weeks
Rheumatic heart disease develops s/p what? - ANSWER-GAS (strep pyogenes) infection
Aschoff bodies seen in ___ - ANSWER-acute rheumatic fever
valve vegetations (fibrinoid necrosis) seen in ___ - ANSWER-acute rheumatic fever
bread and butter pericarditis seen in ___ - ANSWER-rheumatic heart disease
fishmouth stenosis of heart valves seen in ___ - ANSWER-chronic rheumatic fever
valve vegetations (necrotic debris) seen in ___ - ANSWER-infective endocarditis
acute infective endocarditis - ANSWER-S. aureus attacks a NORMAL valve
subacute infective endocarditis - ANSWER-strep viridans attacks a SCARRED/DEFORMED valve
noninfected valve vegetations are usually caused by what - ANSWER-autoimmune
Libman-Sacks endocarditis - ANSWER-sterile vegetations in lupus
dilated cardiomyopathy --> what dysfunction - ANSWER-systolic
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy --> what dysfunction - ANSWER-diastolic
sudden death in athletes <35 is usually caused by: - ANSWER-HCM
restrictive cardiomyopathy --> what dysfunction - ANSWER-diastolic
hereditary spherocytosis is what kind of anemia - ANSWER-hemolytic
hemolytic anemia --> what effect on RBCs? - ANSWER-spherocytes
sickle cell anemia is what kind of anemia - ANSWER-hemolytic
thalassemia is what kind of anemia - ANSWER-hemolytic
defective RBC membrane --> removed in spleen - ANSWER-hereditary spherocytosis
Coombs test is for what - ANSWER-immunohemolytic anemia
mechanical trauma hemolytic anemia has what effect on RBCs? - ANSWER-schistocytes
what organism causes malaria - ANSWER-plasmodium ___
malaria causes what type of anemia - ANSWER-hemolytic
hypochromatic and microcytic RBCs seen in what? - ANSWER-hemolytic anemia
iron def anemia
macrocytic RBCs seen in what? - ANSWER-megaloblastic anemia
aplastic anemia
cause of megaloblastic anemia - ANSWER-deficient folate or VitB12
folate or B12 deficiency --> what type of anemia - ANSWER-megaloblastic
pernicious anemia - ANSWER-autoAb attack on gastric parietal cells --> decreased IF = cannot bind B12 --> def B12 --> megaloblastic anemia
what causes mono? - ANSWER-EBV
ALL - ANSWER-children, BCR-ABL, TdT
down syndrome increases risk for what leukemia? - ANSWER-ALL
CLL - ANSWER-adults, CD5, soccer ball
follicular NHL - ANSWER-(14;18), "centro___"
mantle cell NHL - ANSWER-(11;14) cyclin D1
DLBCL NHL - ANSWER-most common; ~EBV
MALT lymphoma - ANSWER-result of chronic inflammation (ex. H pylori in stomach)
Burkitt NHL - ANSWER-(8;14) MYC, ~EBV
multiple myeloma - ANSWER-plasma cell tumor, M-protein, lytic bone lesions, Bence Jones proteins
AML - ANSWER-adults, (15;17) RARalpha-PML
CML - ANSWER-adults, (9;22) BCR-ABL
pulmonary artery is ___ to bronchus in R hilum - ANSWER-anterior
pulmonary artery is ___ to bronchus in L hilum - ANSWER-superior
normal FVC; decreased FEV1/FVC ratio - ANSWER-obstructive lung disease
hard to exhale - ANSWER-obstructive lung disease
pulmonary disorder of airways - ANSWER-obstructive lung disease
pulmonary disorder of parenchyma - ANSWER-restrictive lung disease
hard to inhale - ANSWER-restrictive lung disease
decreased FEV1 and FVC, normal FEV1/FVC - ANSWER-restrictive lung disease
asbestos increase risk of what cancers - ANSWER-lung, mesothelioma, laryngeal
which bronchus is more vertical? - ANSWER-right
Pott disease - ANSWER-TB in vertebrae
lung cancer more common in women - ANSWER-adenocarcinoma
lung cancer more common in non-smokers - ANSWER-adenocarcinoma
lung cancer located peripherally - ANSWER-adenocarcinoma
paraneoplastic syndrome of lung adenocarcinoma - ANSWER-coagulation disorders
lung cancer more common in smokers - ANSWER-SCC
lung cancer located centrally, often in bronchi - ANSWER-SCC
lung cancer that often has cavitation - ANSWER-SCC
paraneoplasic syndrome of lung SCC - ANSWER-hypercalcemia
paraneoplastic syndrome of lung small cell - ANSWER-ADH secretion
cushing syndrome
does smoking increase the risk of mesothelioma? - ANSWER-no
nasopharyngeal cancer ~ with what? - ANSWER-EBV
gingival lesion seen in preggo - ANSWER-pyogenic granuloma
eso linear lacerations s/p vomiting - ANSWER-Mallory-Weiss tear
Zenker diverticulum - ANSWER-posterior pouch off eso @ upper esophageal sphincter
eso cancer in distal 1/3 - ANSWER-adenocarcinoma
GERD increases risk for what eso cancer - ANSWER-adenocarcinoma
eso cancer in middle 1/3 - ANSWER-SCC
alcohol and smoking increases risk for what eso cancer - ANSWER-SCC
H. pylori increases risk of what gastric cancer - ANSWER-intestinal type adenocarcinoma
exophytic gastric adenocarcinoma - ANSWER-intestinal type
linitis plastica seen in what - ANSWER-diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma
signet ring cells seen in what gastric cancer - ANSWER-diffuse type gastic adenocarcinoma
diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma ~ with what - ANSWER-EBV
most SI tumors are found in the - ANSWER-duodenum
most common tumor in SI - ANSWER-carcinoid
which IBD has higher risk of colon cancer? - ANSWER-UC
APC mutation - ANSWER-FAP
MSH2/MLH1 mutation - ANSWER-HNPCC/Lynch
normal liver weight - ANSWER-1400-1600g
how do liver issues cause CNS issues? - ANSWER-ammonia
cholestasis - ANSWER-retention of bilirubin
which hepatitis cause acute? - ANSWER-A and E [Show Less]