Which anatomical structure should not be seen in its entirety on an anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiograph? - ANSWER-Lesser Trochanters
What prior
... [Show More] testing should be performed before a routine radiograph of the pelvis is started on a 25-year-old female? - ANSWER-Pregnancy Test
How many vertebrae are present in the cervical vertebrae? - ANSWER-7
What is the correct central ray (CR) angle and direction for posteroanterior (PA) oblique projections of the cervical spine? - ANSWER-15 degrees caudal
At what level should the central ray be projected during the examination of an injured patient with a dislocated L5-S1? - ANSWER-1 1/2 inches inferior to the iliac crest
Which is true regarding the anatomy of the spinal cord? Select all that apply.
1. The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain.
2. The conus medullaris is situated at the level of S2.
3. The spinal cord terminates at the conus medullaris.
4. The bony vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
5. The subarachnoid space continues down the spinal cord to L1. - ANSWER-1, 3, and 4
In an oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae, which structure forms the front legs of the "Scottie dog"? - ANSWER-Inferior articular process
Which joints are found between the articulation processes of the vertebral arches? - ANSWER-
Which structures are most clearly demonstrated on an optimal 45-degree oblique cervical spine radiograph? - ANSWER-Intervertebral Foramina
Where does the central ray enter for a lateral projection of the lumbosacral spine? - ANSWER-L4
Which modality involves fluoroscopy to examine the spinal canal for evaluation of lesions? - ANSWER-Myelography
What central ray angle is required for an anteroposterior (AP) axial inlet pelvic projection? - ANSWER-40 degrees caudad
Which part of the sacrum can be viewed from its anterior and posterior perspective? - ANSWER-Pelvic sacral foramina
Where does the central ray enter for an oblique projection of the sacroiliac joints? - ANSWER-One inch medial to the anterior superior iliac spine of the elevated side
What are the two main parts of the vertebrae? - ANSWER-Body and vertebral arch
Which is the rounded and roughened structure located near the junction of the lower body and inferior rami? - ANSWER-Tuberosity of ischium
What pathological conditions can be best identified when performing an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Scoliosis
Fractures
Neoplastic processes
What is the term used to indicate the vertebrae located in the pelvic region? - ANSWER-Sacral vertebrae
Where does the central ray enter for a lateral projection of the cervical spine? - ANSWER-C4
Which is the articulation of the three divisions of the hip in an adult? - ANSWER-Union of acetabulum
What pathological conditions can be best identified when performing an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Scoliosis
Neoplastic Processes
Fractures
Which part of the atlas bears the weight of the head? - ANSWER-Lateral masses
At which point does the spinal cord taper? - ANSWER-Conus medullaris
Which condition is associated with a "humpback"? - ANSWER-Kyphosis
Where does the central ray enter for a lateral projection of the cervicothoracic junction (Swimmer's method)? - ANSWER-C7/T1
What are the angle and direction of the central ray used for a standard anteroposterior (AP) image of the cervical spine? - ANSWER-15 to 20 degrees, cephalic
What is the central ray for an anteroposterior (AP) pelvis? - ANSWER-Mid-way between the ASIS and pubic symphysis
How many degrees should the patient be rotated to demonstrate the sacroiliac (SI) joints? - ANSWER-25
Which structure is identified in an anteroposterior (AP) projection scoliosis series? - ANSWER-Lumbar Vertebrae
Which patient should be recommended myelography instead of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? - ANSWER-A patient with a pacemaker
Which is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum called? - ANSWER-Hip joint
What is the landmark for locating the fifth cervical vertebra (C5)? - ANSWER-Adam's apple
Where does the central ray enter for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the cervical spine? - ANSWER-C4
Which radiographic method helps in imaging unilateral hip injuries? - ANSWER-Danelius-Miller method
What breathing instructions should be given to a patient when imaging the lateral cervical spine? - ANSWER-Suspend respiration at the end of full expiration
The zygapophyseal joints of the second through seventh cervical vertebrae are located at what angle to the midsagittal plane? - ANSWER-90
Between which two lumbar vertebrae is a zygapophyseal joint that forms an average angle of 15 degrees with the midsagittal plane? - ANSWER-L1/L2
Which anatomy should be included for an anteroposterior (AP) pelvis? - ANSWER-Entire pelvis and proximal femora
Which are shown in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? Select all that apply.
1 Articular pillars
2 Spinous processes
3 Upper thoracic bodies
4 Cervical intervertebral disk spaces
5 Superimposed transverse and articular processes - ANSWER-1, 2, and 4
Which vertebrae are movable vertebrae? - ANSWER-cervical
thoracic
lumbar
Describe the general central ray orientation to the femur for an axiolateral projection of the hip. - ANSWER-Perpendicular to the femoral neck
Which are characteristics of cervical vertebrae? - ANSWER--Vertebrae contains dens.
-Vertebrae contains three foramina.
-More dominant articular pillars are present.
An imaginary line is drawn between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the symphysis pubis. How should the radiographer use this line to localize the central ray location for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of a unilateral hip projection? - ANSWER-2.5 inches distal to the midpoint of this line
Which position helps prevent the contrast medium from moving into the cerebral ventricles during myelography? - ANSWER-Acute extension of the head
How can the radiographer reduce the radiation dose to a female patient during a scoliosis series? - ANSWER--Use breast shadow shields
-Use gonadal shadow shields
-Expose the patient in the posteroanterior (PA) position
Which structures can be best demonstrated in an anteroposterior (AP) bilateral frog-leg pelvic projection? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--Acetabulum
-Femoral neck
-Femoral head
-Trochanteric areas
Which structure, if present, indicates the patient was positioned incorrectly for a lateral thoracic spine? - ANSWER-Zygapophyseal joints
How would the radiographer locate the hip joint without making the patient feel uncomfortable? - ANSWER-Palpate anterior superior iliac spine and 1.5 inches inferiorly and medially.
Which are positioning considerations for the open mouth anteroposterior (AP) projection cervical vertebra of the spine? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--Ensure the head is not rotated.
-The mouth should be kept wide open.
-Align the midsagittal plane to the midline of the table
Which term refers to freely movable joints? - ANSWER-Diarthrodial
Which statements apply to the male pelvis? - ANSWER-The ilia appear less flared.
The pubic arch forms an acute angle.
The pelvis appears narrow and deep.
The shape of the inlet of the pelvis is heart shaped.
Which radiographic procedure is contraindicated in a patient who has increased intracranial pressure? - ANSWER-Myelography
Where is the central ray directed in an anteroposterior (AP) axial inlet projection of the pelvis? - ANSWER-Midline point at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine
What projection is used for observing the intervertebral foramina to examine an injury in a patient's neck? - ANSWER-Lateral
When using contrast media for myelography, what precautions should be taken by the radiologic technologist? - ANSWER-Check the contrast vial with the physician
Check the contrast vial at least three times
Ensure the vial contains nonionic contrast media
On average, how many bones are present in an adult vertebral column? - ANSWER-26
Which position is used to assess mobility of a spinal fusion site? - ANSWER-Lateral positions-hyperextension and hyperflexion
What projection is used for observing the intervertebral foramina to examine an injury in a patient's neck? - ANSWER-AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine
Which position helps prevent the contrast medium from moving into the cerebral ventricles during myelography? - ANSWER-Acute extension of the head
What type of x-rays are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus? - ANSWER-Bremsstrahlung x-rays
What can be inferred from the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom? - ANSWER-The number determines the valance of the atom.
How is electrical potential energy measured in radiology? - ANSWER-Electron volt (eV)
What is scatter radiation? - ANSWER-Radiation resulting from interaction with patient
How many neutrons does an atom with an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass number of 40 contain? - ANSWER-20
What is indicated by the term "kVp" in imaging systems? - ANSWER-The penetration power of an x-ray beam
Which is the term used to refer to the distance between two crests or two troughs in a sine wave? - ANSWER-wavelength
The quantity of electrons for x-ray exposure is determined by the mAs. How is this calculated? - ANSWER-Multiplying the milliamperage by the exposure time
What happens during x-ray attenuation? - ANSWER-Some x-rays are absorbed, and the others are scattered.
Which specialty uses a nonionizing form of radiation? - ANSWER-Sonography, MRI
For pair production to occur, the energy of the incoming x-ray photon must be at least what? - ANSWER-1.02 MeV
Which material requires a high potential for electrification and shows extremely high resistance to act as an insulator? - ANSWER-Glass
The electrical energy supplied to the X-ray tube is converted into what form of energy for the production of x-rays? - ANSWER-Electromagnetic energy
What is the energy conversion principle in an x-ray imaging system? - ANSWER-Electrical energy is converted into thermal energy.
Which unit is used to denote electric potential? - ANSWER-volts
Which type of energy is a patient exposed to in an x-ray? - ANSWER-Electromagnetic energy
What type of x-rays result when the target atom is ionized through total removal of an inner-shell electron? - ANSWER-Characteristic x-rays
Which unit is used to measure the number of waves that pass a point of observation per second? - ANSWER-hertz
What is the process by which a beam of x-ray photons is altered as it passes through matter? - ANSWER-attenuation
Which type of ionizing radiation can carry a positive or a negative charge? - ANSWER-Beta particle
Which is true regarding an x-ray photon? - ANSWER-The wavelength of an x-ray photon is measured similar to that of any other electromagnetic energy.
Which term is used to indicate the resultant radiation after the x-ray beam exits an object? - ANSWER-Remnant radiation
Which is (are) necessary for x-rays to be produced? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--A source of electrons
-Rapid electron acceleration
-Instantaneous deceleration
A patient walks into a radiology laboratory to undergo a chest x-ray examination for the first time. The patient asks the radiologic technologist, "Can I develop a radiation burn after the procedure?" What would be the best response from the radiologic technologist? - ANSWER-"Not likely, radiation burn can sometimes occur from certain CT scans or with fluoroscopy, but not from a chest x-ray."
What energy range should be supplied to a diagnostic x-ray machine? - ANSWER-10-100 keV
Types of ionizing radiation used in various techniques have different ranges of penetrability into the skin. Which type of ionizing radiation penetrates least into the skin? - ANSWER-Alpha particle
What is the term used to describe energy transmitted through matter? - ANSWER-radiation
Which waves of the electromagnetic spectrum have the longest wavelengths? - ANSWER-radio waves
What is true regarding the kVp used in radiographic imaging? - ANSWER-The lower the kVp, the lower the scatter radiation
Which law states that the electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them? - ANSWER-Coulomb's law
Upon examining two molecules of iodine (53I), it is found that one of the iodine atoms has 77 neutrons and the other atom has 78 neutrons. Which term best describes the pair of iodine atoms? - ANSWER-isotopes
Why are Barium compounds used in radiographic studies? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Because it has a high atomic number
Because it helps improve the subject contrast
Because it has enhanced photoelectric absorption
Which best describes linearity? - ANSWER-mA is increased from 100 to 200 and exposure doubles
What is true regarding attenuation? - ANSWER-It is the process by which the nature of the primary radiation changes.
Planck's quantum equation gives the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency. Which statement about the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength is true? - ANSWER-The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency
An element 'X' is represented as Xa. What does the subscript 'a' indicate in Xa? - ANSWER-Number of atoms
What is the unit of measurement for the radiation-absorbed dose? - ANSWER-Rad
What is the unit used to measure the amount of energy absorbed in any medium? - ANSWER-Radiation absorbed dose (rad)
Skin effects resulting from high-dose fluoroscopy follow which type of dose-response relationship? - ANSWER-Sigmoid-type
Which term refers to the period after initial radiation sickness in which a period of apparent well-being occurs? - ANSWER-Latent period
The graph represents the dose-response relationship for acute human lethality. What is the LD 50/60? - ANSWER-3.5 Gyt
Which parameter is useful for evaluating dose limits (DL)? - ANSWER-Effective dose
What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) value of 10-MeV neutrons? - ANSWER-5
Which measurement refers to the whole body radiation dose that causes 50% of the irradiated subjects to die? - ANSWER-LD50
What effect is most likely to be observed in a fetus when irradiated in utero with a dose of 200 mGyt in the first week of the gestational period? - ANSWER-spontaneous abortion
Which is the kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation? - ANSWER-air kerma
What medical condition was perhaps the first observed biologic response to radiation exposure? - ANSWER-Erythema
Which is the standard beam of radiation used for calculating relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)? - ANSWER-250 kVp x-rays
What is the mean marrow dose? - ANSWER-The average radiation dose to the entire active bone marrow
The discovery of x-rays occurred in what year? - ANSWER-1895
In which period of pregnancy would the fetus be resorbed upon large exposures of radiation? - ANSWER-First two weeks of pregnancy
What is the minimum radiation dose that causes death when the whole body is exposed to radiation? - ANSWER-200 rad (2 Gyt)
An exposure of 2 sievert (Sv) is received. How many radiation equivalent man (rem) is this equivalent to? - ANSWER-200 rem
Linear energy transfer (LET) is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to which? - ANSWER-soft tissue
What type of biological radiation response usually follows high-dose radiation exposure and appears as an early response? - ANSWER-Deterministic effects
Which stochastic effect was observed many years ago in radiologic technologists who performed fluoroscopic examinations without protective gloves and experienced callused, discolored, and weathered appearance to the skin of their hands and forearms? - ANSWER-Radiodermatitis
What is the rationale for the development of administrative protocols to maintain radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)? - ANSWER-To prevent the stochastic effects caused by radiation
What is the genetic doubling dose? - ANSWER-The radiation dose that produces twice the frequency of mutations that would have otherwise occurred naturally
What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--Lymphocytes
-Spermatogonia
Which symptoms are observed during the initial onset of the acute radiation syndrome of the central nervous system? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--Nausea and vomiting
-Nervousness and confusion
-Burning sensation in the skin
Which period of pregnancy is of least concern regarding radiation exposure because the response is all or nothing? - ANSWER-first two weeks
All observations point to what period of pregnancy being the most radiosensitive period? - ANSWER-weeks 2 to 12
What principle suggests that low levels of radiation (less than approximately 100 mGy) is beneficial to the human body? - ANSWER-Radiation hormesis
What type of biological radiation response usually follows low radiation exposure and appears as a late radiation response years later? - ANSWER-stochastic effects
Which tissues are more radiosensitive? Select all that apply. - ANSWER--skin
-gonads
-bone marrow
What is true regarding radiation absorption doses? - ANSWER-As the radiation absorption dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.
Which of these conditions may develop when the lenses of the eye are irradiated by a threshold level of radiation intensity? - ANSWER-cataracts
After testicular irradiation of doses exceeding approximately 100 mGy (10 rad), the male patient should refrain from procreation for what time period until all the cells that were in the spermatogonial and postspermatogonial stages at the time of irradiation have matured and disappeared? - ANSWER-2 to 4 months
What can be concluded, if it is observed that the excess risk of radiation-induced leukemia in a population is zero? - ANSWER-The number of leukemia cases in an irradiated population is equal to that in the non-irradiated population
What parameters indicate that the x-ray tube is energized? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-mA indicators
kVp indicators
Audible signals
What is the workload of a clinical setting that operates 5 days a week in which 14 patients are viewed per day, and it is found that each patient will take an average of 2.5 films when the tube is operated at 80 kVp, 80 mAs? - ANSWER-233.3 mAmin/wk
What is the genetically significant dose (GSD)? - ANSWER-The gonad dose that would produce a total genetic effect on the population as the sum of individual doses received
Which of these statements are true with respect to deterministic effects of radiation? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-The [Show Less]