Wilhelm Wundt - Answer- - First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection -
... [Show More] Answer- Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - Answer- Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - Answer- The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - Answer- - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Answer- - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - Answer- Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - Answer- UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - Answer- - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - Answer- Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - Answer- Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - Answer- Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement - Answer- Strengthening a response
Punishment - Answer- An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - Answer- - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Answer- - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Answer- - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - Answer- Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - Answer- Copying a models behaviour
Identification - Answer- Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - Answer- Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - Answer- Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - Answer- - Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - Answer- Children were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - Answer- Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - Answer- Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning
Schema - Answer- A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information
Why are Schemas useful? - Answer- They help us make sense of new information by filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - Answer- Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based on research evidence
Computer Model - Answer- Computer analogy of input process storage output to represent the human cognitive [Show Less]