Plasma
Transports dissolved substances around the body
red blood cells
Transports oxygen from lungs to body cells
white blood
... [Show More] cells
Protects body against infection
Ateries
Carries blood away from the heart
Veins
Carries blood into the heart
Capillaries
Substances such as oxygen and glucose to diffuse in and out of cells
Platelets
Helps the blood to clot
Correlation
Doesn't prove cause simply suggests they might be linked
causal mechanism
something that explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
risk factors
Factors leading to an increased rate of disease
Cancer
Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and mitosis
Benign tumour
Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area in a membrane. Doesn't invade other parts of the body
Malignant tumours
Invade neighbouring tissues and move into bloodstream and spread to form secondary tumours.
Health
State of physical and mental well being
coronary arteries
Provide oxygen to muscle cells of heart used in respiration for contraction
CHD (coronary heart disease)
Layers of fatty material build up in coronary ateries
upper epidermis
Transparent- allows light to pass through to the photosynthetic cells
lower epidermis
contains stomata
palisade mesophyll
Full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll
Full of air spaces for c02 to diffuse from stomata to spongy mesophyll to palisade cells
Xylem
Transports water from roots to stem and leaves.
Structure of xylem
Hollow tube strengthened by lignin for efficient transport of water in transpiration stream
Phloem
Transports dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant. Stored as starch or used for respiration
Structure of phloem
Tubes of elongated cells. Cell sap move from one phloem cell to another through pores in end walls
Translocation
Movement of sugars through phloem
Meristem
Contains stem cells
Root hair cell
Adapted by osmosis for uptake of water and active transport for uptake of mineral ions
Tissue
Group of cells with a similar function
Organ
Group of tissues which work together to form organisms
Organ system
Group of organs which work together to form organisms
Digestion
Large food molecules broken down to smaller ones by enzymes which is then absorbed to the bloodstream
Proteins(digestive enzymes)
Broken down by proteases to form amino acids which are then absorbed into the bloodstream
Carbohydrates(digestive enzymes)
Broken down by carbohydrases
Lipids (digestive enzymes)
Digested by lipase and produces glycerol and fatty acids which is found in the small intestine and pancreas
Bile(digestive enzymes)
Large lipid droplets to smaller ones and emulsifies the lipid
Transpiration
Brings water into leaf for photosynthesis and also evaporates water from the leaf to cool it down
Rate of transpiration
Greater in high temperatures as evaporation faster in dry conditions
Structure of lungs
Protected by rib cage and separated from abdomen by diaphragm
Ventillation
Contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles
How lungs adapted for gaseous exchange
Clusters of alveoli provide large surface area and rich supply of capillaries. Gases can diffuse in and out of blood
Mouth(digestive system)
Enzymes in saliva digests starch into small sugar molecules
Stomach(digestive system)
Enzymes digest proteins
Small intestine(digestive system)
Small food molecules absorbed into body
Pancreas(digestive system)
Release enzymes which digest starch,proteins and lipids
Liver(digestive system)
Produces bile which neutralises acid from stomach and speeds up digestion of lipids
Vena cava
Brings deoxygenated blood from body
Pulmonary artery
Blood passes from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood passes from lungs to heart
Aorta
Oxygenated blood pumped from heart to body
Advantages bone marrow
No ethical issues
Patients recover quickly
Reliable technique
Disadvantages of bone marrow
Painful procedure
Can only differentiate to form blood cells
Risk of infection [Show Less]