AQA
A-level
HISTORY
7042/1A
Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Version: 1.0 Final
IB/M/Jun23/E4 7042/1A
A-level
HISTORY
Component
... [Show More] 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Wednesday 24 May 2023 Morning Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have:
• an AQA 16-page answer book.
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is
7042/1A.
• Answer three questions.
In Section A answer Question 01.
In Section B answer two questions.
Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
• You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
Advice
• You are advised to spend about:
– 1 hour on Question 01 from Section A
– 45 minutes on each of the two questions answered from Section B.
2
IB/M/Jun23/7042/1A
Section A
Answer Question 01.
Extract A
Outremer was never likely to last. For it to survive, in the midst of enemy territory, it was
necessary to have a steady renewal of manpower from the West. Rulers of Jerusalem
had to appease the Byzantines and had to plot with infidel princes to ensure Muslim
disunity. Whilst a few adventurers from the West arrived hoping to carve out estates for
themselves, most of the reinforcements making the journey believed that it was their holy
duty to fight the infidel. When they found their cousins in Outremer intriguing and trading
with Muslims and allying with schismatic Greeks they were shocked. Either they returned
home in disgust, or they insisted upon a more aggressive policy, thus damaging the
settlers’ chances of survival. It was not easy to persuade recruits to continue to journey
eastward when they disliked what they saw on arrival. The Second Crusade was a
miserable failure and meant that no great expedition would set out again until Saladin
had reunited the Muslim world and recaptured Jerusalem itself.
Adapted from S Runciman, The Decline of the Crusading Ideal, 1971
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10
Extract B
In 1187 Jerusalem’s military might was as strong as it ever had been. True, there was
vicious infighting among the Christian elites, but the kingdom’s resources were strong
and intact. The disaster of Hattin is not a tale of one declining Christian kingdom being
crushed by an ascendant Muslim power. It is rather the story of a still-strong Christian
power being out-competed by a dynamic Muslim ruler. The roots of the kingdom’s fall
need to be located with the Muslims. Saladin’s great achievement was to unite Egypt’s
wealth with Syria’s manpower. This gave him the resources to out-compete the Christian
armies in open battle. The crucial moment occurred in 1174. In this year Saladin left
Egypt and forced his way into Damascus. This was risky but the gamble worked and,
with Damascus under his control, he had a firm foothold in Syria from which he could not
easily be dislodged. From this moment onwards Saladin was able to contemplate the
overthrow of the crusader kingdom.
Adapted from N Morton, Three Perspectives on the Crusades, 2015
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10
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IB/M/Jun23/7042/1A Turn over ►
Extract C
The instability within the court worsened during the first six years of King Baldwin IV’s
reign. So long as it was uncertain whether the King’s health would permit him personally
to govern there was tension within the court. During the years 1180 to 1182 this tension
increased, causing open division and two hostile factions. The situation facing Jerusalem
by 1187 was the most serious in its history. While internal dissension brought the
kingdom to the verge of a suicidal civil war, Saladin had taken the last steps in
preparation for his great offensive. However, despite this, Saladin’s victory was not
inevitable. In many respects Saladin’s control of Muslim Syria was more apparent than
real. The Franks were expert in trying to get Saladin to attack in unfavourable terrain.
But the plan was not carried out because of renewed outbursts of Christian infighting.
The tragedy of Hattin is that it was a battle that perhaps need not have been fought and
certainly should not have been lost.
Adapted from MW Baldwin, A History of the Crusades, 1955
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0 1 Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the
arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the situation in Outremer by 1187.
[30 marks]
Turn over for Section B
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IB/M/Jun23/7042/1A
Section B
Answer two questions.
0 2 ‘Western interventions in the Near East were primarily a response to Byzantium’s
requests for help in the years 1071 to 1099.’
Assess the validity of this view.
[25 marks]
0 3 To what extent was Outremer weaker in 1149 than it had been in the 1120s?
[25 marks]
0 4 ‘In the years 1146 to 1174, Nureddin was motivated more by personal ambition than by
his religious beliefs.’
Assess the validity of this view.
[25 marks]
END OF QUESTIONS
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*236A7042/1A*
A-level
HISTORY
7042/1A
Component 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Mark scheme
June 2023
Version: 1.0 Fina [Show Less]