APHG REQUIRED Cumulative Set Exam 753Questions with Verified Answers
cartography - CORRECT ANSWER the science of mapmaking
purposes of maps -
... [Show More] CORRECT ANSWER 1. As a reference tool, to find the shortest route between two distances
2. As a communications tool, to depict the distribution of human activities or physical features as well as to think about the reasons underlying a distribution
Eratosthenes - CORRECT ANSWER (276?-194?, B.C.) the first person of record to use the word geography; he prepared one of the earliest maps of the known world
Ptolemy - CORRECT ANSWER (100?-170? A.D.) produced maps that were not improved upon for more than 1,000 years, based on information collected by merchants and soldiers who traveled through the Roman Empire
location - CORRECT ANSWER the geographical situation of people and things
space - CORRECT ANSWER how something is laid out, physical room on the Earth's surface
place - CORRECT ANSWER uniqueness of a location
scale of analysis - CORRECT ANSWER emotional connection a person has to a specific place
globalization - CORRECT ANSWER the expansion of economic, political, and cultural activities to the point they reach and have impact on many areas of the world
Muhammad al Idrisi - CORRECT ANSWER (1100-1165?), a Muslim geographer, prepared a world map and geography text in 1154
Martin Waldseemuller - CORRECT ANSWER (1470?-1520) produced the first map with the label "America"; he wrote on the map (translated from Latin) "from Amerigo the discoverer... as if it were the land of Americus, thus 'America.'"
Abraham Ortelius - CORRECT ANSWER (1527-1598) a Flemish cartographer who created the first modern atlas
Bernhardus Varenius - CORRECT ANSWER (1622-1650) produced Geographia Generalis, which stood for more than a century as the standard treatise (a book that explains the essential information regarding a topic) on systematic geography
A cartographer's first decision is __________________________________. - CORRECT ANSWER how much of the Earth's surface to depict on the map
map scale - CORRECT ANSWER the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map depend on this, which is the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth
three depictions of map scale - CORRECT ANSWER 1. ratio or fraction: shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth's surface; the 1 on the left side of the ratio always refers to a unit of distance on the map, and the number on the right always refers to the same unit of distance on Earth's surface
2. written scale: describes the distance between map and Earth distances in words. EX: "1 inch equals 1 mile"; again, the first number always refers to map distance and the second to distance on the Earth's surface
3. graphic scale: usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface; it looks like a ruler
four types of distortion - CORRECT ANSWER 1. The SHAPE of an area can be distorted, so that it appears more elongated or squat than in reality
2. The DISTANCE between two points may become increased or decreased.
3. The RELATIVE SIZE of different areas may be altered, so that one area may appear larger than another on a map but is in reality smaller.
4. The DIRECTION from one place to another can be distorted.
equal projection areas - CORRECT ANSWER In this type of projection, the relative size of the landmasses on the map are the same as in reality. This type of projection minimizes distortion in the shapes of most landmasses. Areas toward the North and South poles are most distorted, but they are sparsely populated, so accuracy is not as important
interruption - CORRECT ANSWER when the Eastern and Western hemispheres are separated into two pieces to preserve accuracy in a projection
The Robinson projection - CORRECT ANSWER is useful for displaying information across the oceans. Its major disadvantage is that by allocating space to the oceans, the land areas are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size.
The Mercator projection - CORRECT ANSWER ...has several advantages: Shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. Its greatest disadvantage is that relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles, making high-latitude places look much larger than they actually are.
meridian - CORRECT ANSWER an arc drawn between the North and South poles. The location of each of these is identified on Earth's surface according to a numbering system known as longitude.
prime meridian - CORRECT ANSWER the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, is 0 degrees longitude; it is opposite from the meridian that is 180 degrees longitude
parallel - CORRECT ANSWER A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians. The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel is called latitude.
latitude - CORRECT ANSWER the numbering system indicate the location of a parallel
longitude - CORRECT ANSWER ...is a human creation that that divides the Earth via vertical lines. Any meridian could have been selected as 0 degrees _______________ because all meridians have the same length and all run between poles. The 0 degree _____________________ runs through Greenwich because England was the world's most powerful country when _________ was first accurately measured and the international agreement was made. ____________ is measured in 360 degrees of longitude.
The Longitude Act - CORRECT ANSWER 1714 act in which the British Parliament enacted the Longitude Act; it offered a prize equivalent to several million in today's dollars to the person who could first measure longitude accurately. John Harrison won the prize by inventing the first portable clock that could keep accurate time on a ship because it did not have a pendulum.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time (UT) - CORRECT ANSWER the time at the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude), is the master reference time for all points on Earth
International Date Line - CORRECT ANSWER An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
Exceptions to the International Date Line - CORRECT ANSWER - several islands in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the countries of Kirbati and Samoa
- New Zealand's Tokelau territory
-MOVED SEVERAL THOUSAND KILOMETERS TO THE EAST
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geographic information science (GIScience) - CORRECT ANSWER a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data; can be used to produce maps that are more accurate and attractive than those drawn by hand
remote sensing - CORRECT ANSWER the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods
Global Positioning System (GPS) - CORRECT ANSWER the system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth
three elements of GPS in the United States - CORRECT ANSWER - satellites placed in predetermined orbits by the U.S. military (24 in operation and 3 in reserve)
- tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites
- a receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to pinpoint its own location
application programming interface (API) - CORRECT ANSWER the language that links a database such as an address list with software such as mapping; API for mapping software enables a computer programmer to create a mashup that places data on a map
abiotic system - CORRECT ANSWER composed of nonliving or inorganic matter
atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
hydrosphere - CORRECT ANSWER all of the water on and near Earth's surface
lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWER Earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust
biosphere - CORRECT ANSWER all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms
Koppen system - CORRECT ANSWER a climate classification system that divides the world into five climate regions that are identified by the letters A through E
A. Tropical Climates
B. Dry Climates
C. Warm Mid-Latitude Climates
D. Cold Mid-Latitude Climates
E. Polar Climates
monsoon - CORRECT ANSWER a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet _________ ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry _____________).
ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact
ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the scientific study of ecosystems
erosion - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind
depletion of nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER this occurs when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace
cultural ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the geographic study of human-environment relationships
Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter - CORRECT ANSWER Lived in the late 1700s to the mid 1800s and developed the idea of environmental determinism
Friedrich Ratzel (teacher) and Ellen Churchill Semple (student) - CORRECT ANSWER Lived from mid 1800s to early 1900s; claimed that geography was the study of the influences of the natural environment on people
Ellsworth Huntington - CORRECT ANSWER (1876-1947) argued that climate was a major determinant of civilization
polder - CORRECT ANSWER a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
dike - CORRECT ANSWER a wall that holds back the sea
scale - CORRECT ANSWER the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
transnational corporation - CORRECT ANSWER conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
distribution - CORRECT ANSWER the arrangement of a feature in space
density - CORRECT ANSWER the frequency with which something occurs in space
concentration - CORRECT ANSWER the extent of a feature's spread over its space
pattern - CORRECT ANSWER the geometric arrangement of objects in space
behavioral geography - CORRECT ANSWER a branch of human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions
humanistic geography - CORRECT ANSWER a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals perceive their surrounding environment
poststructuralist geography - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space; AKA: different people from different socio-economic, racial, and gender perspectives will have different geographic experiences and may create different geographic patterns
diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
expansion diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
three process of expansion diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER 1. hierarchical diffusion
2. contagious diffusion
3. stimulus diffusion
hierarchical diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places; it may result from the spread of ideas from political leaders, socially elite people, or other important persons to others in the community
contagious diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population; this is analogous to the spread of a contagious disease, such as influenza. It spreads like a wave among fans in a stadium, without regard for hierarchy and without requiring permanent relocation of people
stimulus diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
distance decay - CORRECT ANSWER the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
space-time compression - CORRECT ANSWER the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
network - CORRECT ANSWER a chain of communication that connects places
three core or hearth regions of global culture - CORRECT ANSWER 1. North America
2. Europe
3. Japan
uneven development - CORRECT ANSWER the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
economic inequality - CORRECT ANSWER the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. It sometimes refers to income inequality, wealth inequality, or the wealth gap.
Mercator - CORRECT ANSWER Straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles, used for marine navigation because it maintains direction most effectively
Azimuthal - CORRECT ANSWER Directions from a central point are preserved; usually these projections have a radical symmetry.
Robinson - CORRECT ANSWER Distorts shape, area, scale, and distance in an attempt to balance the errors of projection properties.
Peters - CORRECT ANSWER Equal area cylindrical, areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map.
Choropleth - CORRECT ANSWER Thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurements of the statistical variable being displayed.
Fuller - CORRECT ANSWER Using the surface of a polyhedron, it is unfolded to a net in many different ways and flattened to form a two dimensional map which retains most of the globe's proportional integrity.
Thematic - CORRECT ANSWER Reflects a particular theme about a geographic area.
Dot - CORRECT ANSWER One dot represents a certain number of phenomena.
Proportional Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER Type of thematic map in which the areas of symbols are varied in proportion to the values of an attribute.
Cartogram - CORRECT ANSWER Map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area.
Gall-Peters Projection - CORRECT ANSWER Focuses more on land area accuracy; released in 1974, based off an 1800 design; More accurately shows southern hemisphere as larger than Northern Hemisphere; areas near the poles are stretched horizontally
Fuller Projection - CORRECT ANSWER
Sinusoidal projection - CORRECT ANSWER
Isoline map - CORRECT ANSWER
located chart - CORRECT ANSWER
toponym - CORRECT ANSWER the name given to a place on Earth
site - CORRECT ANSWER the physical character of a place
situation - CORRECT ANSWER the location of a place relative to other places
region - CORRECT ANSWER an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
The two ways that geographers typically apply the concept of region - CORRECT ANSWER 1. several neighboring countries sharing an important feature (countries in Western Europe)
2. many localities within a country sharing an important feature (localities in SW Florida)
cultural landscape - CORRECT ANSWER a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features, such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation
cultural landscape approach OR regional studies approach - CORRECT ANSWER initiated in France by Paul Vidal de la Blanche (1845-1918) and Jean Brunhes (1869-1930). It was later adopted by several American geographers, including Carl Sauer (1889-1975) and Robert Platt (1880-1950). Sauer defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. According to Sauer, "Culture is the agent, the natural area the medium, the cultural landscape the result."
Three types of regions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. formal
2. functional
3. vernacular
formal region AKA: uniform region - CORRECT ANSWER an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics; the shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language , an economic activity such as production of a particular crop, or an environmental property such as climate
vernacular region, AKA: perceptual region - CORRECT ANSWER an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; such regions emerge from people's informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought
functional region, AKA: nodal region - CORRECT ANSWER an area organized around a node or focal point
mental map - CORRECT ANSWER an internal representation of a portion of the Earth's surface
culture - CORRECT ANSWER the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
origin of the word culture - CORRECT ANSWER LTN., CULTUS, "to care for"
- to care ABOUT: to adore or worship something, as in the modern word CULT
- to care FOR: to nurse or look after something, as in the modern word CULTIVATE
three primary cultural traits - CORRECT ANSWER 1. language
2. religion
3. ethnicity
resource - CORRECT ANSWER a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
three pillars of sustainability - CORRECT ANSWER 1. environment
2. economy
3. society
Our Common Future - CORRECT ANSWER a landmark work in recognizing sustainability as a combination of natural and human elements; it is a report released in 1987 and is frequently called the Brundtland Report, named for the chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minster of Norway. This report argues that sustainability can be achieved only by bringing together environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity.
conservation - CORRECT ANSWER the sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation
preservation - CORRECT ANSWER the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible
biotic system - CORRECT ANSWER
population geography or geodemography - CORRECT ANSWER a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population
demography - CORRECT ANSWER the study of human populations, including their temporal (relating to worldly rather than spiritual affairs) and spatial dynamics
demographer - CORRECT ANSWER a person who studies demography
total fertility rate (TFR) - CORRECT ANSWER the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
infant mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER the percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country
child mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life
maternal mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
life expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER the average age of individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races
crude birth rate (CBR) - CORRECT ANSWER the number of live births per year per 1,000 people
crude death rate (CDR) - CORRECT ANSWER the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people
natural increase rate (NIR) - CORRECT ANSWER the difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country
factors of population increase rates - CORRECT ANSWER 1. economic development
2. education
3. gender empowerment
4. healthcare
5. cultural traditions
6. public policy
demographic accounting equation - CORRECT ANSWER an equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration
migration - CORRECT ANSWER a long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another
emigrate - CORRECT ANSWER a move out of a particular country, usually the individual person's country of origin
immigrate - CORRECT ANSWER the process of individuals moving into a new country with the intentions of remaining there
factors contributing to migration - CORRECT ANSWER 1. political issues
2. economic factors
3. environmental issues
4. cultural issues
5. transportation routes
push factors - CORRECT ANSWER incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil
pull factors - CORRECT ANSWER attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities
voluntary migration - CORRECT ANSWER movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area--the opposite of forced migration
chain migration - CORRECT ANSWER the migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community
forced or involuntary migration - CORRECT ANSWER the migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will
intervening obstacles - CORRECT ANSWER any forces or factors that may limit human migration
exponential growth - CORRECT ANSWER Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population.
refugees - CORRECT ANSWER people who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are being officially relocated or enslaved
Rust Belt - CORRECT ANSWER The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.
internal migration - CORRECT ANSWER the permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country
Cotton Belt - CORRECT ANSWER The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities.
Sun Belt - CORRECT ANSWER A new name for the American South, which used to be known as the Cotton Belt. It is now called the Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities.
Thomas Malthus - CORRECT ANSWER Author of ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE POPULATION (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production
neo-Malthusian - CORRECT ANSWER advocacy of population-control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations
demographic transition model - CORRECT ANSWER a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
age-sex distribution - CORRECT ANSWER a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
population pyramids - CORRECT ANSWER a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population
baby boom - CORRECT ANSWER a cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility
cohort - CORRECT ANSWER A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit
Generation X - CORRECT ANSWER A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.
baby bust - CORRECT ANSWER Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.
dependency ratio - CORRECT ANSWER the ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is usually expressed in the form n:100, where n equals the number of dependents.
population density/arithmetic density - CORRECT ANSWER a measurement of the number of persons per unit of land area
physiologic density - CORRECT ANSWER a ratio of human population to the area of cropland, used in less-developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture
carrying capacity - CORRECT ANSWER the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support
overpopulation - CORRECT ANSWER a value judgment based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population
zero population growth - CORRECT ANSWER proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family-planning programs
census - CORRECT ANSWER A periodic and official count of a country's population.
cartogram - CORRECT ANSWER a map that displays countries by size of population rather than land area
sampling - CORRECT ANSWER technique used to get an accurate count of a population's sub-groups
The Four Major Population Clusters - CORRECT ANSWER 1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe
4. Southeast Asia
ecumene - CORRECT ANSWER the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Sparsely Populated Regions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Dry lands
2. Wet lands
3. Cold lands
4. High lands
Three types of density used in population geography - CORRECT ANSWER 1. arithmetic density
2. physiological density
3. agricultural density
cultural density - CORRECT ANSWER the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable (suitable for growing crops) land
doubling time - CORRECT ANSWER the number of years needed to double the population, assuming a CONSTANT rate of natural increase
sex ratio - CORRECT ANSWER the number of males per 100 females in the population
demographic transition - CORRECT ANSWER a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population; four stages (though there is a fifth stage that is theoretical); every country is in one of these stages
4 Stages of Demographic Transition - CORRECT ANSWER 1. low growth
2. high growth
3. decreasing growth
4. low growth
low growth, 1 - CORRECT ANSWER very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase
high growth, 2 - CORRECT ANSWER rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase
decreasing growth, 3 - CORRECT ANSWER birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate
low growth, 4 - CORRECT ANSWER very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease
Industrial Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER beginning in the late 18th century (1700s) and diffused to the European continent and North America (including the United States) during the 19th century; it was a conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market, the result of which was an unprecedented level of wealth, some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live [Show Less]