memory
the mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time
encoding
the process of transforming information into a form
... [Show More] that can be entered into and retained by the memory system
00:02
01:28
storage
the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time
retrieval
the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it
stage model of memory
a model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
sensory memory
the stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time
short-term memory
the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds
long-term memory
the stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information
maintenance rehearsal
the mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory
chunking
increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk
working memory
short-term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of information; in Baddeley's model, includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive components
elaborative rehearsal
rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory
00:03
01:28
procedural memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions
episodic memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events
semantic memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts
explicit memory
information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory
implicit memory
information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory
clustering
organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory
semantic network model
a model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations
retrieval
the process of accessing stored information
retrieval cue
a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory
retrieval cue failure
the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience
a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it
recall
a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues
cued recall
a test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue
recognition
a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices
serial position effect
the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle
encoding specificity principle
the principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful
context effect
the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information
mood congruence
an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood
flashbulb memory
the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate [Show Less]