S
speaker- voice that is speaking; P.O.V.
O
occasion- time & place of the piece; the context; the
... [Show More] setting
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A
audience- the group of readers to whom the piece is directed
P
purpose- the reason behind the text
S
subject- what the piece is about stated in a few words
Tone
attitude of the author
Satire
corrective ridicule, fine raillery. Uses irony, wit, and sometimes sarcasm giving impetus to change/reform.
Parody
mockery-imitation to ridicule or criticize that work, author, or style.
Sarcasm
Intended to wound.
Epithet
name calling; harsh invective to accentuate a certain characteristic
Sardonic Voice
scornful, "without hope"
Irony
states the opposite of intended meaning; "expectation and reality"
Detail
- extra info that brings life to a text
-develops a topic
- facts, observations, incidents
Syntax
- word order
- controls verb pacing (punctuation, order of clauses)
- affects tone
- imparts personality
Tone
- gives voice its personality
- attitude
- adjectives (ex: "elated" "exhausted)
Imagery
-adds quality to voice
Touch- tactile imagery
Smell- Olfactory
Hearing- Auditory
Sight- Visual
Taste- Gustatory
Diction
- word choice
- foundation of voice
- meaning suggested by a word
Simile
tells what something looks, sounds, or feels like using like or as.
"Suspicion climbed all over her face like a kitten, but not so playfully"
Metaphor
comparison without like or as
"All the world's a stage"
Personification
assigns human qualities to inaniminate objects
Major No-Nos
- no dead words
- avoid hedge words ( some, maybe, could be)
- not generalize to the point of saying nothing (anything of meaning)
- do not simply state examples, explain and prove it!
- do not use big words just to use them
- do not use contractions
Tone Words & some examples
Positive/Attitude- Appreciative, Compassionate, Confident, Enthusiastic, Energetic, Encouraging, Hopeful, Optimisitc
Negative- Arrogant, Condemnatory, Critical, Disappointed, Superficial, Shameful, Insulting, Manipulative
Humor-Irony-Sarcasm- Disdainful, Ironic, Malicious, Mock-serious, Sardonic, Scornful, Taunting, Whimsical
Sorrow-Fear-Worry- Pessimistic, Embarrassed, Agitated, Concerned, Hopeless
Neutral- Earnest, Learned, Persuasive, Reflective, Humble, Pleading
combined- calm assurance, gentle mockery, politically offensive, flippant sarcasm. [Show Less]