emergent properties - ✔✔ new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of
... [Show More] parts as complexity increases
negative feedback - ✔✔ a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - ✔✔ a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - ✔✔ reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - ✔✔ large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
hydrolysis - ✔✔ a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - ✔✔ protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - ✔✔ a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - ✔✔ process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - ✔✔ the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - ✔✔ a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - ✔✔ the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen
gametes - ✔✔ reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells
meiosis - ✔✔ a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
somatic cell - ✔✔ cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
crossing over - ✔✔ the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - ✔✔ process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - ✔✔ a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - ✔✔ process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together [Show Less]