organic compounds - ✔✔contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs
functional groups - ✔✔amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl
... [Show More] (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat - ✔✔glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats - ✔✔bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp.
unsaturated fats - ✔✔better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods - ✔✔lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids - ✔✔glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates - ✔✔used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
proteins - ✔✔made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)
enzymes - ✔✔catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion - ✔✔inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
noncompetitive inhibition - ✔✔inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH - ✔✔logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5
hydrolysis - ✔✔breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration - ✔✔two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction - ✔✔reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction - ✔✔reaction that gives off energy
redox - ✔✔electron transfer reactions
cell wall - ✔✔found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell
plasma membrane - ✔✔found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome - ✔✔found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus
smooth ER - ✔✔found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER - ✔✔found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface [Show Less]