ANTH 1120 Winter Term Questions and Answers Latest
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ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter Term 2018)
... [Show More] JANUARY 8(A)/10(B), 2018
Lecture 1 Outline: What is Medical Anthropology?
Today’s Topic: What Is Medical Anthropology?
-How does medical anthropology fit into Anthropology as a discipline?
-What key concepts do medical anthropologists utilize in the research?
-What do medical anthropologists do? What kinds of things do medical anthropologists study?
Health Culture Disease Illness/Sicknes
s Medicine Health
Care Well-Being Healer
~Preventio ~Identity ~Spreading ~Social, ~Substances, ~Biomedica ~Cannot be ~Doctor,
n ~Learnings, / economic, Medications l model clearly nurse
~Social Knowledge, Contagious political ~Interventions ~Hospitals, defined ~Spiritua
Physical & Transmissio ~Genetic implications of , surgery institutions ~Agency, l healers
Mental n through ~Fear disease ~Accessibility ~Universal self sustain
~Optimal generations ~Categories right ~Holistic,
State of beyond
Being physiologica
l
1) Definition of Health Health
• Absence of disease
• Lifestyle
• Longevity
• Balance
• Physical, mental, emotional, spiritual state of being
• Health care access (healing)
• Socially and culturally shaped
-Holistic approach- World Health Organization (WHO)
-Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental human rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs, economic or social condition (WHO, 1946).
Structure forces do not do justice to this definition
Paul Farmer said its not bad to be utopian in this definition
2) Medical Anthropology
Considered a fifth discipline of anthropology
Many people realize that medical anthropology can be theoretical and applied
When we say applied (take findings and apply it to another practice) or (making sure the research to transform something that can help the people you are working with
Convert the knowledge into something that is useful for others
-A branch of Anthropology Very broad subject
-Broad field of study, many areas of concentration
-Holistic in scope; looks beyond biology to understand health Critical and cultural relativism (including all cultures)
They use participant observation (talking to the people) They then construct an ethnography to share with others
Medical anthropology: central Tenets
• Looks beyond biology to understand health
• Looks at patterns and relationships between individuals, households, ethnic groups, political and social institutions, pathogens, lived environments and resulting health outcomes (at the individual and population level)
• Holistic in scope (only looks at one line of evidence)
• Involves ethnographic fieldwork and on-on-one interactions (e.g. participant observation, participatory action research)
• ‘Uses an ‘applied’ orientation to human (health) problems
• Tries to capture insider’s point of view (emic perspective) versus the outsider’s point of view (etic perspective
3) Key Concepts
Culture –beliefs, values, and practices learned thought and behaviour and passed from one generation to the next
We look at how culture shapes our wellbeing If we want to go the the doctor
The typr of remidies they have to take
Effects the way people engage with their health
Cultural Relativism – all cultures are valid antidote to ethnocentrism-judging another culture by the values and standards of one’s own culture
Always interested in the healing of preliterate cuktures Why do they believe what they believe
We try to understand this
Cross-Cultural Approach – survey and comparison of different cultures worldwide
Studying stigma (mental health) how are they treated differently around the world maybe divine or needing institutionalization
Emic Perspective (“insider,” “inductive,” or “bottom-up” perspective)
-Takes as its starting point the perspectives, words and experiences of the research participants (study population)
Taking the perspective of the research participants
Etic Perspective (“outsider,” “deductive,” or “top-down”)
- Takes as its starting point the theories, hypothesis, perspectives, and concepts from outside of the setting being studied
Bringing theories and using them to understand how others frame the world
Biocultural Perspective- Studies the interaction between biology and culture. Why are some people at risk?
Looking at the synergy between culture and biology
4) What do Medical Anthropologists Study?
Three case studies in Singer & Baer textbook (Chapter 1):
-Coping with Cystic Fibrosis (Myra Bluebond-Langner (1996)
-Dengue (Kendall 1998; Crabtree & colleagues 2001)
-Pesticide Poisoning (Arcury, Quandt and colleagues) (2005)
5) Relationship of Medical Anthropology to Other Disciplines
-Medical Anthropology and Paleopathology, Epidemiology, Health and Illness Behaviour and Public Health
Relationship of medical anthropology to the larger discipline of anthropology
• Medical Anthropology and Paleopathology
o Reconstructing the health of past populations through the study of human remains
o Insights into metabolic and nutritional disorders, traumatic injuries, infectious diseases
o King tut had many health conditions that could be why he died so the original reason (slashed head) was not why it could’ve been
• Medical Anthropology and Epidemiology
o Cultural epidemiology
o Health transitions (1st, 2nd, and 3rd epidemiological transitions)
▪ 1ST
▪ 2nd moving into the city during the industrial revolution (rise of more disease)
▪ 3rd emergence of new diseases (SARS ect)
o Makaya Sault: Refuses Chemotherapy
▪ Choses to stop chemo but the doctors called child services to make her do it
• Medical Anthropology and public Health (health disparities and inequities)
o Significant differences in health profiles (distribution of disease) across human
• Cultural competence
o The ability of providers and organizations to effectively deliver health services that meet the social, cultural and linguistic needs of patients
• Medical Anthropology and Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)
o Full partnership between researcher and community representatives and organizations, from project conception to completion Coequal power relations
Summary
Medical anthrolopology is a diverse subfleid of anthropology
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter Term 2018) JANUARY 15(A)/17(B), 2018
Lecture 2: The Emergence of a New Discipline
Summary of last week’s lecture
• Medical Anthropology’s place within the larger discipline of anthropology
• Relationship of anthropology to other disciplines (e.g. epidemiology, public health, health, illness and behaviour, community-based participatory research)
• The “biocultural perspective”
Topic: History of Medical Anthropology
-Who were the first medical anthropologists?
-Do they remain relevant today?
-How has the discipline evolved over the decades?
-What has influenced the development of the discipline?
1) History of Medical Anthropology
-Development and evolution of discipline traced to four different sources:
• Physical anthropology (evolution, adaptation, comparative anatomy, racial genetics):
o Overlapping interests with medical doctors (e.g. forensic medicine and preventative medicine)
o Broader definition of disease processes (e.g. influence of migration, colonization, urbanization)
o Created norms and standards for human development
• Ethnographic interest in “primitive medicine” including witchcraft and magic
o Subdivision of ethnomedicine derived from interest in non-Western medical systems
• Culture and personality movement of the 1930s and 1940s, with collaboration between psychiatrists and anthropologists
o Asked questions about relationships between adult personality, character and the social
environment (“nature versus nurture”)
• International public health movement after WWII
o End of WW2 saw the start if technical aid programs, establishment of the World Health Organization- public health programs become part of the world picture
o Asked questions about the social and cultural constructions of disease and illness
o Critiqued development projects and Western interventions
Ethnomedicine (early definition):
-Those beliefs and practices relating to disease which are the products of Indigenous cultural development and are not explicitly derived from the conceptual framework of modern medicine (**we will expand on this definition in future lectures**).
Disease Theory Systems
Personalistic systems: View disease as resulting from the actions of a “sensate who may be a supernatural-being (a deity or god), a non-human being (such as a ghost, ancestor, or evil spirit) or a human being (a witch or a sorcerer)
• Illness happens because you did something wrong that’s why you are sick
• You can get sick or ill if you didn’t treat the ancestors with respect
Naturalistic systems: View disease as emanating from the imbalance of certain inanimate elements in the body (such as the male and female principles of yin and yang in Chinese medicine). We will further explore these concepts in future lectures.
• Latin American ex hot and cold
• Biomedicine and its research on homeostasis of balance on the body
2) Important Figures
W.H.R. Rivers
• “Father” of medical anthropology
• Trained as a medical doctor
o Medicine, magic and religion (1924)
o Psychology an ethnology (1926) both published posthumously
• Primitive medicine constitutes a “social institution”
o Medical practices are integral parts of culture, not irrational practices
o Tries to relate belief and behaviour to a curative role
Worldview Belief About Disease Treatment
Magical Due to magical (human) manipulation of forces Sorcery or (counter) sorcery
Religious Due to supernatural forces Appeals to or propitiation of
supernatural sources
Naturalistic (Natural laws) Due to natural processes (to cause-effect relations of natural phenomena) “Natural” treatment of specific illness, disease or injury
Forrest Clements: primitive medicine as Atomized Traits
• Primitive concepts of disease (1932)
• Classifies disease causation processes into five categories:
o Sorcery; breach of taboo; intrusion by a disease object; intrusion by a spirit and soul loss
o An attempt to identify universals in aetiological categories of disease
Erwin H. Ackerknecht
• Physician and anthropologist
• Research based on library and museum collections
• Comparative aspects of “primitive” medicine and surgery in the 1940’s
• Healing ideas and traditions reflect the wider cultural traditions of the societies in which they develop; reinforce cultural values
Edward Evans-Pritchard
• Explanatory Rationality: Witchcraft- and all medical knowledge- explains not just how buy why someone gets ill
• Highlights the relationship between society, social sanctions and illness as an integrated whole
• Focus on magic and religion
Film:
How do the Azande’s views on sickness and healing differ from those of Western medicine? Slide in photos
3) Important Movements
The Culture and Personality Movement
The International Public Health Movement after WWII
4) Theoretical Orientations
• Medical Ecology: Emphasizes the environmental context of health
o Anthropologists using an ecological perspective to understand disease patterns view human populations as biological as well as cultural entities
o Culture, genetic and physiological processes
▪ Emphasis on environmental context
▪ Emphasis on human adaptation
• Meaning-Centred Approach: Focuses on the interpretations and meanings ascribed to perceptions, experiences and events
o Full appreciation of the cultural/ symbolic construction of the world that we inhabit
o Focuses on interpretation and meanings ascribed to perceptions, experiences and events (“deeper meaning ascribed to illness events”)
o Diseases (as known through body observations, measurements) known by sufferers and healers alike are packed by cultural meaning
• Critical Medical Anthropology: Emphasizes structures of power and inequality in healthcare systems and contributions of health ideas and practices to reinforcing inequalities in the wider society
o Emphasises structures of power and inequality in health care systems and contributions of health ideas and practices to reinforcing inequalities in the wider society
o For example, how poverty, discrimination, stigmatization, violence contribute to poor health
Tutorial Notes Reproductive health
Reproduction in all societies have cultural meanings and values. Most cultures have specific ways that
the view birth
Breastfeeding
In the reading, they were talking about how Nestlé was making a replacement for breast milk and it would be detrimental to children’s health but clean water to mix with the formula was not available. They also said that it was important to breastfeed because breast milk provides nutritious food for babies.
Mortality rate
In that village, there was a very high mortality rate
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter
Term 2018)
JANUARY 29(A)/31(B), 2018
lecture 3 outline: when is a disease a disease?
- What constitutes a disease?
-Are all illnesses the same?
-Do all cultures view health and wellbeing in the same way?
• Key concepts/areas of reaserch
o Medicalization
o Stigmatization
o Social Suffering
o Embodied Experiences
In the Western World:
• Uusally no distinction between illness ad disease
• Terms used interchangably
• Important to define and undertsand difference bwteeej these terms, especially when studying non-Western health beliefs and practices
1) The Concepts of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
-Disease– Underlying pathology biologically defined. The illness seen in terms of a medical disorder.
-Illness–A person’s subjective experience of their symptoms (what the patient brings/presents to the doctor).
-Sickness– process/path by which disease and illness are socialized. Encompasses the social and cultural constructions of a condition as defined by a given society. It is also the social role adopted by the individual.
Arthur Kileinman’s defenitions Disease
• In biomedical paradigm, refers to underlying pathology biologically defined. The illness seen in terms of a medical disorderA biphysical reality
• Objectivly measureable pathological conditions of the body
• Medical doctor’s perspective (professional perspective)
Illness
• Subjective experience of their symptoms (feeling unwell)
• Can include the manifestation of physical symptoms in addition to experiences of changes involving feelings, ideas, values, language and nonverbal communication, symbolic bahavious
• What the patient brings/presents to the doctor
• Patient’s perspective (first-person perspective)
Sickness
• Process/path by which disease and illness are socialized. The social context of siaease and illness
• Encompases the social and cultural condition as defined by a given society. It is also the social role adopted by the individual
• Sickness is also the social role adopted by an individual; a role that is negotiated within a given
society
• Societal perspective
Ferris Bueler
• How did he adopt the sickness rols
o Lathargic
o Seeing spots
o Cold hands
• Exmple of the different categories
2) The Cultural Construction of Disease
-The culture of a society shapes the way its members think and feel about sickness and healing. Examples:
-Pamela Wakewich Dunk’s Study (1988) of Nerves/Nevra experienced by Greek immigrant women in Montreal
• Greek immigrant women in Montreal
• Garment industry piece workers
• Work from home; limited ti home
• Hard working and constrained socially
• Women experience a specific nervous disorder that they refer to as “nevra”
• Why are women experiencing this order? What are the larger conditions of the women with nevra?
• Dunk discovered sufficient language (within this group) to express dicsontent. Therefore there is
a need to look at work context, social and gender relations
• Expressed as “stress” nerva is medicalized and valued as real, treated with medicalization
-Paul Farmer’s study “AIDS and Accusations: Haiti and the Geography of Blame” (1992)
• Paul farmer studies HIV/AIDS and cross cultural constructions of the disease
• Social responces to HIV/AIDS at the onset of the epidemic (in the early 1980’s) in North America and the Caribbean
• The most predominant amoungst these responces is speculation, blame adnd accusation i.e. the
allegation that human agency played a role in the sickness
• Accusation #1; the North Americal constrruction of Hatians as a “high risk” group
o In 1983, the center for Disease Control designated certain groups as “high risks” for contracting/spreading HIV
o “Four-H club”: homosexuals, hemophilliacs, herion-users and Haitians
o Based upon pre-existing racist folk models of haitians
o Distracted from real causess of the disease (extreme poverty)
• Accusation #1; Haitians describing AIDS as a part if an American plan to get rid of the too many Haitians who were no longer needed in the American re-assembling plants in Haiti
o Narritive of conspiracy
o Based on a long history of North American interferance with Haiti
• Accusation #3; Haitians view HIV.AIDS as related to sorcery-locally called maji
o Based on a fierce competition iin the context of great scarcily
o People who are economicslly successful=preciveved to have done so at the expense of others
▪ View of AIDS as the jalousy sickness
▪ Sorcery publushed those who breech the c=social obligation of sharing eith and helping others
The cultural constructionof disease
• In addition to eitiology, notions about just constituttes a disease are cultural constructions
• Is”old age” a disease? (“he dies of old age”)
• I pregnancy a disease?
• Is menopause a disease?
3) Key Concepts (Singer & Baer, Ch. 3)
-Social Suffering– Linking individual experience of pain and distress to the wider social events and structural concditions that are the ultimate sources of human misery.
• Examples: Torture, rape, genocide as political tools of terror
• How do conflicts such as war affect the health and well-being of populations?
-Medicalization– Giving a condition or behaviour a medical label, defining the problem in medical terms and using a medical intervention to treat it.
•
-Stigmatization– How people who suffer from certain health conditions are stigmatized (experience discrimination, ostracism and/or other negative social consequences) in society.
• The Haitians because of the spread of HIV, they got fired in fear of spreading the disease
• Examples: HIV positive/AIDS patients, TB patients , epileptics, those who suffer from mental illness
-Embodied Experiences– An area of medical anthropological research that focuses on the body- specifically, how people experience the world from within the confines of their bodies. Also how the body internalizes cultural meaning
• How do certain body practices reflect and perpetuate certain cultural norms
Summary
Anthropologists distinguish between the terms ‘disease, ‘illness and ‘sickness and their ascribed meanings in Western society
Social suffering, medicalization, stigmatization and embodies experiences are popular research topics in medical anthropology
Tutorial Notes
Example of one issue that today no more consider as illness, explain with the idea of stigmatization
an example would be mental health people used to classify it as an illness because they would selfdiagnose and just say that they have a problem but because of stigmatization they didn’t want to tell anyone about their problems. Those who didn’t have these problems called them crazy and the mentally ill had to isolate themselves. Now a days you see many people being diagnosed with mental health disease. it would be classified as a disease not because patients are turning to doctors to help them figure out what is going on with them.
Homosexuality Interracial couples Left handedness
Example of one issue today considered as a disease
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter
Term 2018)
FEBRUARY 12(A)/14(B), 2018
Lecture 5: Medical Systems I: Shamanism and Divination
-Who are Shamans and what role do they play in society?
Provisions that have been given th shamans in aknowk=ledgments in cross cultural meanings
-What would you consider to be the limits of appropriate medical care in a hospital setting?
Greys episode
Hmong woman will say no to treat ment until she is healed by a shamsn Her parents believe that her illness is a result of soul loss
But the western doctors don’t think this and they want to treat her
1) What is Shamanism and where is it practiced? Shamanism
• Exist in nomadic foraging simple horticultural, sedentary forager and intensive horticultural societies (chiefdoms)
-A deeply rooted traditional system for healing and solving personal and community problems.
-Practiced in nomadic foraging, simple horticultural, sedentary forager and intensive horticultural societies (chiefdoms)
in western u get sick because some are born with a physical anomaly or u get a ger inside you the source of illness is more grounded in the natural world
in ancient Chinese medicine
Origin of the term
• Term associated with the Tungus, a reindeer herding group in Siberia
• A label for a religious healer who is in direct contact with the supernatural realm Where is Shamanism practed
Shamanism is a practiced by culture groups in diverse parts of the world
Native north America (the cree) Siberia (the chuckee)
Asia (the hmong)
Africa (the ?kung san of the Kalahari Dessert) A\South America (the Jivaro of Bolivia)
The shamnan is an intermediary between the higher powers and the normal world
2) How does one become a shaman? What do shamans do?
-Varies among cultures (e.g. hereditary lines, through dreams or natural phenomena, through physical illness or psychological crisis)
-Conduct ceremonies; engage in “spirit flight” and “soul retrieval”
How does a person become a shaman
• How a person becomes a shaman varies among cultures
o Hereditary lines- if your father of mother in the practice your social group would allow you to enherit this (in some socitties)
o Dream or natural phenomena- are seen as a time where the body at reat and the spirit travels and you can get messages form the divin while you are sleeping and this leads them to believe thay are the calling of the healer but sometimes tey are not able to interpret thee dreams and they would have to go to a shaman to help them understand their dreams, they could do this in drrams or seeing this in natural life like seeing an owl on this day
o Physical illness/psychological crisis- this is a person whi has gotten sick and they have survived this they might believed that they survives this because they have to fulfill some role or responcibility or they see this as being connected to the other world. Most people
who expeeience this become healers in the long run. Ex people that have had serious experiences which have shaped their ex author frank, he wrote a book about a healer and he was inspired because he was diagnosed with cancer himself.
What do Shamans do?
• Act as meditators in their society
• Comminicate with the living and the dead to resolve tensions, unsettles issues
o If he feels that your illness is brought on by a relative and you didn’t honour him or her
o He would be able to insturuct the person to fix this issue and fix the tensions
• Assist in souls retival (soul loss, soul fragmentation)
o The sumls is a fragile entity and is essential to you and in the book lia is scaed by her sister and it is said that she lost it because she slammed the door and she started having seizures
o Some cultures believe that sleeping is fragile and one group believes that your soul can exit your mouth and they seal it do it does not leave
Soul retrieval Simpsons
Many religions believe the soul is important
The healing is Jesus, he uses these healings to manifest himself as the son of god and he heales physical illnesses and he heals them with their soul
Soul Retrieval
• Soul loss or soul fragmentation can occur as the result of a traumatic event
• Shaman travels to the other world to retrieve soul of fragmented and return them to the person who is in need if healing, thereby curing them os their illness
o It can happen from an accident or a traumatic event
o Susto (health condition) when someone has a great fright, the healer is brought in and performs a ritual to help them gain it back
Specialized roles
• To their community in the areas of:
o Fertility
o Weather
o Hunting
o Protecting form enemies
3) Shamanism: Hmong Case Examples
-Hmong are represented in the book: “The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures” by Anne Fadiman and the film: “The Split Horn: The Life of a Hmong Shaman in America”
-Efforts to incorporate Hmong healing ceremonies in Western medicine (Patricia Leigh Brown article)
Case examples The Hmong
• Believed to have come from the Yangtze River basin area around Hunan, China
• The Hmong are known in China as the Miao
• Live in present-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and China
o As yo read the Hmong are very proud and stong their will and their stubbornness has been developed because of living in these very divers conditions. A western doctor would be concerned with the natural effect and in the actions and the anthrolpologist lookas at earlier history. How wouls that ti in history shape the personality traits of a specific culture
The shaking tent
• Widespread rite among the Cree, Innu Ojibwa (Northeast Indigenous groups)
• Only certain people ern n=medicinenand Hmong thave power as intermediary between spirt and natural world
o In their earlier history those in power banned the traditional rituals if the indigenous and
they count do this anymore. Now they are starting tot reviatalieze these traditiokns again
Film questions
1. What is the greatest concern expressed by the Shaman (Paja Thao) in the film “The Split Horn?”
a. He was worried about losing his soul, so he believed that one of his souls had left him , and because of this he was not able to perform his rituals uupon others
b. Cultural assimilation when they got older so the children wont acarry on the tradition
2. Describe 2 shaminic rituals/ceremonies depicted in the film
a. Healing ritual, calling the souls back very family oriented
b. Death ritual, preparation of the body the suit and the ceremonial things
c. Naming ritual, when a child is born after the child gets their name this is performed and it allows the new souls to attach to the host
3. How is shamanic healing different from western medical interventions?
a. You get sick not because of pathogen but because of something wrong with your soul
Tutorial
Why doctor or shamsn
Shaman is a calling from the spirit Doctors u need practice
Book lecture pt 1
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall down
They see her as a chose women and they see the illness to b etrested
Book overview:
• Chronicles medical issues of a yound girl named Lia Lee
• Lis is the daughter of Fua Kao Lee
• Hmong refugees who have emigrated to Merced, California from Laos
• Looks at the collisions of western Western medicine and Hmong cultures’
• Focus on cross-cultural misunderstanding and miscommunication
Prface
• Ann thinks anthropologically and thinks of things holistically
• She gives us a reason why she picked this topic and she wanted to investigate and she was curious anthropologists are cultural mediators
• She isn’t putting her values as superior and she practices cultural relativism
• Fidman dicusses recorded interviews
• Intrest in studying recorded interviews
• Intrest in studying interface of medicine ans spirituality
• Began to think a little less like an American and a little more like a hmonug
• Related her personal issues
• What is a good doctor what is a good parent
Chapter 1
• Hmong birthing practices vs. Western medical practices
o There is a problem with Lia Lee because the doctors did not provide her with the placenta and the placenta is buried in
o The woman gives birth standing up and it is in a non-sterile environment and she is the only one there and the mother has to be quiet
o And there is also a soul calling where the soul is welcomed into the body
• Role of the txiv neeb-Hmong shamanistic healer
o They go to the other world to retrieve them
o The child has the most vunerable soul and is easily lost
o They also welcome the souls
• Dabs (evil spirits) who can steal or afflict the soul
o One of thereasons that the Hmong don’t like hospitals because people have died there
• The rituals surrounding placenta
o Needs to be buried under the majour house structure(men) or th parents bed (women) depending on the gender
o They did not give the mother of lia lee and they incinerated it becaue they thought it was a biohazard and they thought that they would eat it
• Lia first child to be born in American hospital
o Resistance onto the doctors because they have so many childrena dnd also the child was born healthy
• Alludes to first of many cultural/language barriers
o Aos of the differences in value systems are already present and the barriersa are also described
Chapter 2
• Story of “how to make fish soup”
o
• Metaphor for understanding Hmong worldview: “to speak of all kinds of things,” which is used as a way of reminding listeners that “ the world is full of things that ,ay not seem to be connected but really are; that no event occurs in lsolation.”
o Uses this as a literary device
• Hmong history: pressures of conflict, assimilation and their effects on Hmong identity
o Gives a taste of hmong history
o They have two mechanisms they either figh the people or they flee (leaving for other places)
o She shows this becaue their history shapes their culture they will not be bullied
o This stong will is seen in Lia Lees parents
o Ex connect the dots
Chapter 3
• Onset of Lia’s sezieurs (Hmoung views on disease causation)
o Both the doctors and the parents believe they are on the same page and it hasent dawned on them that they re looking he th situration differently
• Quag dab peg “The spirit catches you and you fall down” =epilepsy
o Not nessesarily a bad thing
• Hmong vs biomedical view of the disease
• Shows difference in cultural values
• Hmong parenting characteristics
o She gives a sense of parenting views
o She is trying to provide a contxt to peoples bahaviours
Chapter 4
• Hmong views of Western Medicine
• Idea that Westerm treatments can harm the patient
• Gives concrete exmples of Hmong taboos surrounding the body and medical interne==ventions
o If youhave this belif that somene cannot regenerate blood and someone draws blood and they would be scared and get weak
o The believe that it is very dangerous to be in an unconscious state they administer anesthesia
o If you understand it with their perspective it seems to be detremenatl to go to the hospitall
• Traces Lia’s medical history, seried of misdiagnoses, and mounting communication breakdown with medical providers
o She tries to
Chapter 5
• Lia’s condition: “status epilepticus”
• Peggy Philip and Neil Ernst (hospital pediatritians)
o Not colpiying with other cultures
o Don’t eant to enteriain ideas they have
• Complicated drug regeminsFoua and Nao Kao Lee (ignorant, failure to comply, or willfully deceitful)
o
• Lias medical hisroty (series of misdiagnosis, and mounting communication breakdown with health providers
Chapter 6
o More then just language and she mentions that none of the two sides stops and talks about what their differences are
• The hmong view health issues than just bodily ocmplaints”
o “If a Hmong walked into a doctors office complaining of stomach ache, she says, he may actually be “complaining that the entire universe was out of balance”
o Bill Selvidge (former MCMC Chief residence)-doctor’s response to Hmong vague illnesses-“high-velocitu transcordial lead therapy”
o Description of Hmong practice (coin rubbing) and DAN mURphys story
o Doctor’s frustration with cultural beliefs and protocols (decision making)
Chapter 7
• Unwilling ness of Dr. Neil Ernst to compromise (offer simpler treatment)
• Parent’s deemed to be negligent in Lia’s care (non-compliance)
• Lia removed from her home by Child Protective services and places in Foster Care
• Her condition worsens
• Jeanine Hilt (culturally sensitive social worker) advocated for her retuen home
• Lia suffered Gand Mal seizure Tutorial
What is a good research question
Relevant
So, relevant to the book or course or topic being discussed
Narrow questions
must be manageable and to the point by place or group of people
don’t say developing countries south America or Africa its too big
other things we can use to narrow is by using the issue; like disease ex skitsophenia how it effects the well-being of siblings and people around them, euthanasia you can also use religion and age like older people younger people ages whatever to whatever
Book Part 2
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter
Term 2018)
MARCH 12(A)/14(B), 2018
Lecture 8: Medical Systems II- Biomedicine and the Biotechnical (Part 1)
-What is the history of Western medicine?
-Can Western medicine be considered a form of ethnomedicine?
-Do you think that Western medicine is the most effective healing system in the world today?
1) Culture of Medicine
-Medical systems are part and parcel of larger cultural systems
- They are a reflection of how we understand ourselves in the world, including how our bodies work and how they get sick
2) Historical Roots of Western Medicine
- Cult of Asclepius (Greek God of Medicine)
-Hippocrates of Kos (c. 460-375 BCE)
- Galen (c126-216CE)
• Humoral Theory of Medicine (the four humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)
-Andreas Vesalius (16th century)
-Rudolph Virchow (19th century)
3) Biomedicine and the Biotechnical
- Also referred to as Western medicine, cosmopolitan medicine, modern medicine, scientific medicine, allopathic medicine.
-Views disease as quantifiable, natural “object”
4) Critiques of Western Medicine
-Michel Foucault’s discussion of the “medical gaze”- the dehumanizing medical separation of the patient's body from the patient's person (identity)
- The prevalence of the “biotechnological embrace”— popular and professional enthusiasm for biomedicine and nascent medical technologies (Delveccio-Good 2003)
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter
Term 2018)
MARCH 19(A)/21(B), 2018
Lecture 9: Medical Systems II- Biomedicine and the Biotechnical (Part 2)
-Have you (or anyone that you know) ever used a midwife or a dula?
-Do you think that they play an important role in the birthing process?
1) Women’s Reproduction and the Act of Childbirth: An Example of Medicalization and the Biotechnological Embrace:
-Childbirth before the 1700s was customarily a domestic event considered “women’s business”
-Female midwives assisted births as well as bearing children
-Obstetricians began defining ‘normal’ standards for childbirth as the century progressed.
- Births eventually moved out of the home to the hospital which provided a hi-tech, highly medicalized birthing experience. For example, Friedman’s Curve.
2) Important Works in the Anthropology of Childbirth Emily Martin
Martin, E. (1987) The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction
-the “factory model” of birth in the industrial world
Rayna Rapp
Rapp, R. (1998) Refusing Prenatal Diagnosis: The Meanings of Bioscience in a Multicultural World
-the diverse ways that women view, accept or decline medical testing
Robbie Davis-Floyd
Davis-Floyd, R. (2001) The Technocratic, Humanistic, and Holistic Paradigms of Childbirth.
-discusses three models of birth; elaborates on the 12 tenets of technocratic paradigm in Western medicine.
ANTH 1120: MAKING SENSE OF A CHANGING WORLD: ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY (Winter
Term 2018)
MARCH 26(A)/28(B), 2018
Lecture 10: Health Inequities and Health Inequalities
-What factors contribute to health disparities and inequalities?
-What is the social determinants of health model?
-What is structural violence?
-How do medical anthropologists use these concepts/models to better understand the health of individuals and communities?
1) What is a Health Disparity?
-Health disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups.
2) Social Determinants of Health
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels (World Health Organization).
-They include: genetics, income & income inequality; education; race/ethnicity, gender & related discrimination; physical and social environments; stress; social support; early child experiences; employment; housing; transportation; food Security; cultural beliefs and practices; access to healthcare.
-Multi-factoral causality- The complex interactions between social and economic factors, the physical environment and individual behaviour that occur at every stage of life.
-Merrill Singer’s concept of “syndemics”-The clustering of diseases in populations
3) Structural Violence
Structural violence refers to the social structures—economic, political, legal, religious, and cultural— that hinder individuals, groups, and societies from reaching their full potential; An “avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs.” (Galtung 1969)
-In the context of health, it refers to the differential distribution of health risks and diseases within different of the population (e.g. visible minorities, the poor, the marginalized and the disenfranchised).
4) How Does Income Affect Health?
-Income directly shapes nutrition & physical activity options, housing quality, neighborhood conditions, social networks & support, stress due to inadequate resources to face daily challenges, medical care
-The School nutrition project (Tina Moffat et al. 2002-2004) is an example of medical anthropological research on income and health
-Study looked at the nutritional status of children living in high socioeconomic status neighbourhoods versus low socioeconomic status neighbourhoods in Hamilton, Ontario. [Show Less]