Action match>>> for example, when a character or vehicle leaves the frame on the left, the same character enters the next shot on the right to maintain
... [Show More] continuity.
Aerial shot>>> A view shot directly shot from overhead to afford a clear view - sometimes used to emphasize the spectacle. A crane shot is usually neccessary to achieve this, sometimes called a birds eye shot
Anchor, also known as anchorage>>> In semiiology any caption or key elements that fixes the meaning of an image and directs the viewer toward a preffered reading. E.g. Newspapers use captions to anchor the meaning of photographs
Archetype, beliefs and values>>> Terms commonly used when discussing the audience for media products and the factors influencing the reception of media messages. Attitudes are the positions people adopt in relation to a particular issue,e.g Being for or against fox hunting. Beliefs are deeply held views, e.g. A belief in the principle of human equality or a belief in Go. Values represent the moral or ideological structure within which beliefs and attitudes are formed e.g. Belief in Christianity or Islam. All these factors affect the reception of media texts. Research also focuses on the ways in which media content influences the formation, representation and reproduction of attitudes, beliefs and values.
Audience>>> The groups or individuals targeted by producers as the intended consumers of media texts. Owing to the wide availability of media texts, the actual viewers, readers or listeners may not be those originally targeted.
BCU, Big close up>>> A close up camera shot, particularly of an actor's face, showing prominent detail and facial expressions as a means of creating intimacy and audience engagement with the thoughts and emotions of the character.
By line>>> The use of a journalists name on a newspaper article or report.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)>>> Regulates communication in the U.S.
What impact did the quiz show scandals have on television?>>> • Forced networks to work to regain the publics trust. They responded with more news and public affairs programs (CBS Reports 1959-1971 and NBC White Paper 1960-1980) in 1963, both CBS and NBC debuted 30-minute nightly new shows.
2) What precedent did Murrow's See It Now set in terms of how television would cover the movement?>>> • Though See It Now ended just as the Civil Rights Movement gained steam, it still set the precedent for how television would cover it. A January 1957 episode, "Clinton and the Law," set forth a precedent of television focusing on white Southern moderates, black victims, and deviant whites, which resulted in an oversimplification of the complex nature of Southern desegregation.
1) The Vietnam War is seen as a series of (four) firsts? What are those firsts?>>> • The first real televised war (declared by New Yorker TV critic Michael Arlen as "the living room war").
• The first relatively uncensored war.
• The first time a network news anchor (Walter Cronkite) declared that a war was over.
• The first time an American president (Richard Nixon) made direct attacks on the press.
3) Who was Walter Cronkite, and what impact did he have on American perceptions of the war?>>> • Walter Cronkite was a legendary CBS News anchor. His February 1968 analysis of the Vietnam War effort is seen as the final straw for Lyndon Johnson's presidency and the turning point for American sentiment towards the war. Cronkite earned America's trust over the years, as his voice was the one who had delivered some of the most important news stories in television history.
2) Why was CNN a major innovation for television news? What did it do to become a legitimate source of news?>>> • With its first broadcast in June 1980, The Cable News Network (CNN) ranks as one of the most important innovations in cable television during the final quarter of the 20th century. Though it suffered some early growing pains, it paved the way for coverage of breaking news, particularly with John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan in March 1981. By the mid-1980's CNN had become a network powerhouse. It had excellent worldwide new coverage and was the first on scene for several major occurrences.
4) What led to the expansion of televised news in the 1990s?>>> • With the launch of networks such as the FOX News Channel and MSNBC in 1996, 24-7 news channels took off where CNN had begun in 1980. FOX News in particular makes effective use of partisan television pundits and "talking heads" to generate content, leading to it becoming the most watched American cable news network.
1) How did HBO usher in the cable revolution?>>> • After its debut in November 1972, subscriptions to the groundbreaking movie and sports service exploded from just 15,000 to 600,000 just five years later. Encouraged by HBO's success, a number of local and regional pay channels expanded.
2) Who is Ted Turner, and why is he important in the further development of cable television after HBO?>>> • Turner was a former billboard advertising magnet and perhaps single-handedly responsible for pushing cable into the mainstream. Motivated by HBO's ability to effectively utilize cable and satellites' joint capabilities, turner grew an obscure, failing Atlanta television station into a multimedia empire.
3) How did cable lead to the creation of the FOX broadcast network?>>> • An unforeseen result of cable's emergence was the creation of the first new broadcast network, FOX, in 1986. After failure's of DuMont (1950s), Untied (1960s), Paramount (1970's), and Metromedia (1980s), FOX- which has been infused with capital from Australian mogul Rupert Murdoch- was able to challenge the original three (ABC, CBS, NBC).
1) What is the "multi-channel transition"? What are its two most important factors?>>> • The 1980s and 1990s represent a period of transition for television, as viewers respond to new viewing opportunities. There are two key factors in this multi-channel transition period:
➢ The advent of the VCR and the remote control give viewers previously unprecedented control over viewing.
➢ The rapid expansion of cable networks and additional broadcast networks (FOX, WB, UPN, Univision, etc.) lead to the popularization of niche television.
2) What is post-network television? What are some of the changes it caused?>>> • Post-network television began in the early- 2000s as a result of the rise of new technologies (particularly the DVR and video-on-demand). As a result, the networks were no longer able to simply adjust to these new changes; they were forced to totally revolutionize the way that they operated or risk being left behind.
• Changes that occurred are: once popular network formats, like the soap opera and made-for-tv movies, have been forced to rebrand themselves.
1) What was the computer usage like before the dawn of the personal computer?>>> • Before the arrival of personal computers, there were essentially two types of computers: large mainframes and minicomputers. Most people had no direct contact with computers, which were seen primarily as potential job killers. However, small groups of computer enthusiasts- concentrated near San Francisco- began developing and experimenting with microcomputers and sharing their ideas in magazines such as Popular Electronics in the early 1970s.
2) What were some Apple's early innovations? Why did the first MacIntosh cause Apple to fail throughout the 1980s and 1990s?>>> • Apple appears during the late 1970s early 1980s. Developed by Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, Apple eventually produced the Apple II, the first fully equipped personal computer in 1980. Its success would lead to the company's growth.
• 1984 proved to be a pivotal yet bad year for Apple. The company released its first Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first computer to feature a fully functional graphic user interface with on-screen windows, a mouse, and icons. Apple heavily promoted the Macintosh. However, its high cost ($2,500) led to its being a commercial failure.
3) How did the PC become the primary personal computer of the 1990s?>>> • The IBM PC did more to legitimize the personal computer in the 1980s. It was unique in that it was the first to be able to run several software applications and was sold in department stores. It broadened the market by leading to a proliferation of software and clones.
• This coincided with the 1985 debut of Windows, which had been developed by Bill Gates. Windows would eventually dominate the operating system software business.
4) How did Steve Jobs lead the return of Apple to prominence?>>> • Jobs returned to Apple in 1996, after being fired after the failure of the Macintosh, he led the development of the iMac, which brought Apple back from the brink. Three years later, Apple retail stores appeared and as the iPod and iTunes arrived.
1) Why is 1972 seen as the year that the video game revolution begins?>>> • 1972 would prove to be a pivotal one for video games, as it would be the year of two innovations that would drive the industry for years to come. Both would lead to the rapid development of new games and new home systems over the next five years.
➢ The debut of Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game system.
➢ The arrival of the Nolan Bushnell's legendary Pong (Pong also gives rise to the popularization of video game arcades).
What is the internet?>>> • Essentially, the Internet is "the networks of networks." It is the connection of computer networks around the world into one entity, or, in other words, numerous networked computers connected together`
2) What event caused the development of what would become the Internet and why?>>> • The launch of Sputnik. The United States ushered in a wave of interest in science and technology- particularly at the government level with the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958.
3) What is ARPANET? What were its three key functions?>>> • ARPANET was established to ensure that military research would remain intact in the event of an attack.
➢ Telnet- Logging on to remote computers from local terminals
➢ FTP- File transfer
➢ SMTP- E-mail
4) Why is January 1, 1983, considered to be the birthday of the Internet?>>> • ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/ Internetwork Protocol) standard on January 1, 1983. All networks could now be connected by a universal language. [Show Less]