Describe the ACE study.
joint research project of Kaiser Permanente in San Diego and the CDC, the largest investigation ever conducted to determine the
... [Show More] associations between child maltreatment and health and well-being in later life
Describe participants in the ACE study. (1+3)
17,000 volunteers: mostly white, over 60, and college graduates
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What are ACEs and what are they sometimes referred to as?
experiences in childhood that are unhappy, unpleasant, hurtful; sometimes referred to as toxic stress or childhood trauma
What are the five "usual suspects" of ACEs?
physical abuse
sexual abuse
emotional abuse
physical neglect
emotional neglect
What are five measures of family dysfunction?
parent who's an alcoholic
parent who's mentally ill
battered mother
family member in prison
parent who disappears through abandonment or divorce
Which ACEs where included in the study?
five "usual suspects" and five measures of family dysfunction
Compare gender differences in prevalence of ACEs in the study population.
25.5% women had 3 or more, 17.8% of men
What did the ACEs study reveal?
relationship between childhood experiences and physical and mental health of adults including the major causes of death
What were ten risk factor outcomes measured in the ACE study?
current smoker
severe obesity
ever attempted suicide
considers self an alcoholic
ever used illicit drugs
ever injected drugs
ever had a STI
had 50 or more intercourse partners
no leisure-time physical activity
two or more weeks of depressed mod in the past year
What were four chronic illness outcomes measured in the ACE study?
heart disease
any cancer
stroke
diabetes
What are three other outcomes measured in the ACE study?
ever had a skeletal fracture
ever had hepatitis or jaundice
self-rated health fair or poor
What did they find ACEs lead to? (5)
disrupted neurodevelopment -> social, emotional and cognitive impairment -> adoption of health-risk behaviors -> disease, disability, and social problems -> early death
What are eight other types of victimization and adversity added in subsequent ACE studies?
SES
disaster
physical disability
family homelessness
exposure to community violence
peer victimization (bullying)
someone close had a bad accident or illness
Describe the trend in AI/AN population.
1492 ~5 million, steadily declined since then to less than 0.5 million in 1900, steady rose to a million in 1980 and since has grown rapidly back to almost 5 million
Describe boarding school experiences by American Indians and Alaska Natives. (7)
abuse (physical, sexual)
neglect
abandonment
forced removal
loss of culture and language
forced Christianity
lost traditional parenting and family structure
Define historical trauma.
collective emotional wounding across generations that results from massive cataclysmic events (Historically Traumatic Events, HTE)
What can ACEs have lasting effects on? (3+3)
health
behaviors
life potential (graduation rates, academic achievement, lost time from work)
What are adverse adulthood experiences? (5+3)
alcoholism and SA
suicide rates/death rates
poverty/poor nutrition
racism/toxic stress
role models (few positive, many negative, parenting)
What do adverse adulthood experiences cause?
ACEs in the next generation
Describe the inter-generational basis for chronic disease disparities among AIs and ANs.
historical trauma
gestational stressors
childhood stressors
adulthood stressors
chronic disease disparities [Show Less]