Advanced Pharmacology/ Exam 1
Pharmaceutics - correct answers The science of pharmaceutical systems/ preparations
Pharmacokinetics - correct
... [Show More] answers What the body does to drugs
Pharmacodynamics - correct answers What the drugs do to the body
Pharmacotherapy - correct answers Treatment of disease with drugs
Pharmacology - correct answers Study of drugs, their sources, actions, chemistry and uses
Basic pharmacokinetics (LADMET) - correct answers Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Therapeutic drug monitoring
C-min - correct answers The minimum concentration
C-max - correct answers The maximum concentration
T-max - correct answers The time to maximum concentration
T-1/2 - correct answers Half-life
AUC - correct answers Area Under drug Vs. Time Curve (Total exposure to drug)
Vd - correct answers Volume of distribution
F - correct answers Fraction of drug absorbed into system
k - correct answers Elimination rate constant (eg. hr -1)
CL - correct answers Clearance (eg. volume/time)
Cr-CL-est - correct answers Estimated Creatinine Clearance (approximates GFR)
S-cr - correct answers Serum creatinine
C-ss - correct answers Steady State Concentration
Bioequivalence - correct answers Name brand vs. generic/ 2 different drugs have the same form and concentration Within -20 to 25%
First order kinetics - correct answers -Applies to most drugs
-Takes the same amount of time to wear off, regardless of amount
-Dose INDEPENDENT
Zero-order kinetics - correct answers -Dose DEPENDENT kinetics
Funnel example/Time it takes to wear off depends on amount taken (Ex: ETOH)
Steady State - correct answers -Absorption/Elimination are equal (Reaches a plateau)
-Dependent on elimination half-life (Does not depend on loading doses or interval)
Absorption - correct answers Depends on:
-Rate: T-max
-Extent: C-max/AUC
-Bioavailability: Amt. of drug that reaches circulation (First-pass effect) (Route of admin.)
GI Absorption - correct answers Via passive processes
-Determined by:
-Surface area (small intestine is where most absorption takes place
-Contact time (diarrhea, peristalsis, gastric emptying)
-Concentration gradient
-GI fluid pH
Distribution - correct answers -Transport of a drug to its site of action/elimination
-Storage of a drug in the body
-Varies among individuals
-Vd= amt. of drug in the body
Distribution determinants - correct answers -Blood flow
-Special membrane barriers (blood/brain/milk)
-Plasma protein binding (bound/unbound drugs)
-Storage tissues (hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs)
Distribution: Alterations in Vd - correct answers Age: (elderly= decrease in muscle mass/increased fat mass)
Gender: Women have decreased muscle & increased fat
Disease: Illness decreases albumin
Nutrition: Low albumin
Metabolism - correct answers -Increases elimination from the body
-Lipophilic drugs are more hydrophilic
-Nonpolar drugs = increased polarity
Most important form of elimination from the body - correct answers Renal
-CrCl: GFR
Preferred time to check levels of oral meds and why - correct answers Trough: Because there's less fluctuation in drug levels vs. elimination curve of peak
Up-regulation - correct answers Body increases # of receptors in response to medication's blocking them (ex: beta blockers)
-May cause increase in symptoms if stopped suddenly (HTN, heartburn)
Down-regulation - correct answers Body decreases # of receptors in response to medication
-May result in tolerance
Schedule 1 Drugs - correct answers Illegal drugs: Heroin, PCP, etc.
-Cannot prescribe
Schedule 2 Drugs - correct answers Morphine, Cocaine, Ritalin
-Need written script every time/No call ins/No refills
Schedule 3 Drugs - correct answers Tylenol 3, Anabolic steroids
-May have paper or phone script
-May refill up to 5 times
Schedule 4 Drugs - correct answers Benzodiazepines
Schedule 5 Drugs - correct answers Codeine cough syrups
FDA Category A - correct answers Studies on women show remote risk to fetus
FDA Category B - correct answers Either animal studies show no risk/No human study done OR animal study finds risk but human study doesn't
FDA Category C - correct answers Animal study finds risk but no human study done OR No human/animal studies done
FDA Category D - correct answers There is proof of risk to fetus but benefit outweighs the risk
FDA Category - correct answers There is proof of risk to fetus and benefit does NOT outweigh risk
Macrodantin & Pregnancy - correct answers Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during 3rd trimester
Bactrim & Pregnancy - correct answers Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during 3rd trimester
Cephalosporins & Pregnancy - correct answers Fine for all trimesters
Dependent Authority - correct answers May only practice under the supervision of an MD
Independent Authority - correct answers May practice without the supervision of an MD [Show Less]