ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTMB 5355 EXAM 3 MODULES 5 & 6 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression - Deficiency
... [Show More] of neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. Particularly, a decrease in receptor binding with serotonin.
Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression - A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses.
Antidepressants increase - Neuronal synaptic levels of monoamine neurotransmitters.
if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters - Neurotransmitters do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not function properly.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation - HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is found in a large percentage of people suffering from major depression.
Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with decreased levels of - - Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse transmission
neurofibrillary tangles - are a deformation of the structure that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain.
Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associated with - Memory loss
Most common cause of dementia - Alzheimer's disease fatal 5-10 years
Characteristics of Alzheimer's - Loss of memory, language , inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs, majorly effects social life
Parkinson's Disease is - Chronic motor progressive neuro-degenerative known as a shaking palsy
Parkinson's disease is associated with - basal ganglia dysfunction and atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine;
Characteristics of Parkinson's disease - Tremors at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
2 Main Categories of CVA - Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
Hemorrhagic CVA - Blood produces inflammatory reaction, swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke - Intracerebral and subarachnoid
Intracerebral Hemorrhage - Blood vessel leaks directly into brain tissue
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency
Ischemic CVA - reduction in cerebral blood flow results in hypoxia and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
3 types of ischemic CVA - thrombotic, embolic, hypercoagulable states.
Thrombotic - caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process
Embolic - caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling from distant site to brain
Hypercoaguable state - conditions such as sickle cell disease, polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel
Multiple sclerosis - chronic, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought to be caused by an immune reaction
Acetylcholine - excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle action, learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
Norepinephrine - Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can depress mood.
Serotonin - inhibitory, involved with mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal- insufficient linked to depression, involved in migraine headaches, Prozac and antidepressant drugs raise levels
Dopamine - excitatory, influences movement, learning, emotions, pleasure, decreased levels associated with tremors in parkinson's and depression, excess linked to schizophrenia
GABA - major inhibitory, undersupply linked to anxiety, seizures, tremors and insomnia
Glutamate - A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, oversupply can overstimulate brain producing migraines or seizures (MSG)
PKU - is a rare, inherited disorder that causes increased the levels of phenylalanine in the blood due to a defect in the gene that helps create an enzyme, tyrosine
Tyrosine is needed - to synthesize proteins, melanin and thyroxine, and break down phenylalanine
Tyrosine is found in - all proteins, artificial sweeteners
Failure to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine - can cause cognitive disabilities, seizures
Myasthenia gravis patho - patho includes antibodies that attach to receptor sites and block the binding of acetylcholine causing atrophy of muscles and decrease use
Attention defecit disorder - excessive frontal lobe activity resulting in frontal lobe dysfunction (hyperactivity) [Show Less]