ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM- SPRING
2020
Question 1
0 out of 1 points
When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to
... [Show More] atherosclerosis?
Selected
Answer:
The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs)
Question 2
1 out of 1 points
A patient has been diagnosed with an empyema. What does the healthcare professional
tell the patient about this condition?
Selected
Answer:
We will have to drain the pus out of your
pleural space.
Question 3
0 out of 1 points
A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first
sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this
condition?
Selected
Answer:
Vomitin
g
Question 4
1 out of 1 points
Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what?
Selected
Answer:
Secrete growth factors that stimulate their
own growth
Question 5
1 out of 1 points
A patient had a myocardial infarction that damaged the SA node, which is no longer
functioning as the pacemaker of the heart. What heart rate would the healthcareprovider expect the patient to have?
Selected
Answer:
40 to 60
beats/min
Question 6
1 out of 1 points
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the
antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
Selected
Answer:
Active-acquired
immunity
Question 7
1 out of 1 points
In teaching a women's community group, which risk factor does the healthcare
professional teach is related to high morbidity of cancer of the colon, uterus, and
kidney?
Selected
Answer:
Women who have a high body
mass index
Question 8
0 out of 1 points
A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement by
the professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
Exotoxins are released during the lysis of
bacteria.
Question 9
1 out of 1 points
A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in
cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell
growth.
Question 10
1 out of 1 pointsA healthcare professional cares for older adults in a skilled nursing facility. What should
the professional assess for in these individuals related to cardiovascular functioning?
Selected
Answer:
Increased rate of falling and dizzy
spells
Question 11
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is educating a patient on asthma. The professional tells the
patient that the most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action?
Selected
Answer:
Avoidance of the causative
agent
Question 12
0 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations. Which
statement about vaccines does the professional include in the presentation?
Selected
Answer:
Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated
organisms.
Question 13
1 out of 1 points
Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?
Selected
Answer:
Seconda
ry
Question 14
1 out of 1 points
Which renal change is found in older adults?
Selected
Answer:
Decrease in the number of
nephrons
Question 15
1 out of 1 pointsWhat is the single most common cause of cellular injury?
Selected
Answer:
Hypoxic
injury
Question 16
1 out of 1 points
What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
Selected
Answer:
Protein
s
Question 17
1 out of 1 points
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
release what?
Selected
Answer:
Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute
inflammation
Question 18
0 out of 1 points
A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other
gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional
is most appropriate?
Selected
Answer:
Administer intravenous
hydration.
Question 19
1 out of 1 points
What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
Selected
Answer:
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the
anion balance
Question 20
1 out of 1 pointsA patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory
values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; positive urine glucose and ketones;
serum potassium (K +) 2 mEq/L; serum sodium (Na +) 130 mEq/L. The patient reports
that he has been sick with the flu for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to
his insulin deficiency?
Selected
Answer:
Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic
acidosis, and osmotic diuresis.
Question 21
0 out of 1 points
A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a
hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising
hormone levels.
Question 22
1 out of 1 points
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the
hypothalamus being affected by what?
Selected
Answer:
Endogenous
pyrogens
Question 23
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The
professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what?
Selected
Answer:
Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive
tissues
Question 24
0 out of 1 points
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions.
What description by the professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells
directly attack and destroy cellular targets.
Question 251 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The professional states
that good control is necessary due to which pathophysiologic process?
Selected
Answer:
Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial
hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring.
Question 26
0 out of 1 points
What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora?
Selected
Answer:
Facilitating the motility of the
colon
Question 27
1 out of 1 points
An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is
evident?
Selected
Answer:
Alpha
fetoprotein
Question 28
0 out of 1 points
Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?
Selected
Answer:
Pulmonary
artery
Question 29
1 out of 1 points
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the
healthcare professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
Give the patient an
antihistamine.
Question 30
1 out of 1 pointsWhich normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?
Selected
Answer:
Stiffening of the chest
wall
Question 31
1 out of 1 points
A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare
professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?
Selected
Answer:
A compensatory measure is needed to correct
metabolic acidosis.
Question 32
1 out of 1 points
A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection
after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and
cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted
tissue.
Question 33
0 out of 1 points
A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the
esophagus
Question 34
1 out of 1 points
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
Selected
Answer:
Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet
aggregation
Question 35
1 out of 1 pointsA healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the
skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to
treat?
Selected
Answer:
Infectio
n
Question 36
1 out of 1 points
Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures?
Selected
Answer:
Left
ventricle
Question 37
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has continuous increases in left
ventricular filing pressures. What disorder would the professional assess the patient for?
Selected
Answer:
Pulmonary
edema
Question 38
0 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in
school, trouble paying attention, and naughty behaviors that have become so frequent
the child is always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional
facilitate testing?
Selected
Answer:
Hypoxic
injury
Question 39
1 out of 1 points
It has been determined that a patient's tumor is in stage 2. How does the healthcare
professional describe this finding to the patient?
Selected
Answer:
Cancer is locally
invasive. Question 40
1 out of 1 points
A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which
statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?
Selected
Answer:
Low concentrations of anaerobes, such
as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides,
produce abdominal pain.
Question 41
1 out of 1 points
A patient has a peptic ulcer related to h. pylori bacteria. What treatment does the
healthcare professional educate the patient on?
Selected
Answer:
Antibiotic
therapy
Question 42
1 out of 1 points
What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug
such as atropine?
Selected
Answer:
Salivation
decreases.
Question 43
1 out of 1 points
A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including
hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
Tell the student to get some normal saline
instead.
Question 44
1 out of 1 points
Which cardiac chambers have the thinnest wall and why?
Selected
Answer:
The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as
storage units and conduits for blood. Question 45
1 out of 1 points
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
Selected
Answer:
Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic
heart disease
Question 46
1 out of 1 points
A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the
professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot
carry oxygen
Question 47
1 out of 1 points
The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor?
Selected
Answer:
Perfusion pressure in the glomerular
capillaries
Question 48
1 out of 1 points
What is one function of the tumor cell marker?
Selected
Answer:
To screen individuals at high risk for
cancer
Question 49
1 out of 1 points
A patient has a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30mmHg. What assessment
finding by the healthcare professional would be most consistent with this reading?
Selected
Answer:
Pink, frothy
sputum
Question 50
1 out of 1 pointsA patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care
professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the
professional is most accurate?
Selected
Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase
blood pressure.
Question 51
1 out of 1 points
What are blood pressure variations associated with?
Selected
Answer:
The renin-angiotensin system's effect on
vasoconstriction
Question 52
1 out of 1 points
A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut
cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
No, many hormones are made from
cholesterol.
Question 53
0 out of 1 points
A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection.
What response by the professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied,
with the intravenous route being the fastest.
Question 54
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer a
week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get?
Selected
Answer:
Hepatic
function
Question 550 out of 1 points
Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic
volume (preload) result in?
Selected
Answer:
Increase in
afterload
Question 56
1 out of 1 points
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because
of which genetic principle?
Selected
Answer:
Expressivi
ty
Question 57
0 out of 1 points
The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American
blacks is an example of which concept?
Selected
Answer:
Rati
o
Question 58
1 out of 1 points
A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise
the person to include in the diet?
Selected
Answer:
Iodin
e
Question 59
0 out of 1 points
A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone
types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient
when stone analysis has returned?
Selected
Answer:
Increase water
intake. Question 60
0 out of 1 points
A professor has taught a student about skeletal alterations seen in chronic kidney
disease. Which statement by the student indicates the professor needs to give more
information?
Selected
Answer:
The effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone
is impaired.
Question 61
1 out of 1 points
What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?
Selected
Answer:
Ischemia of the
tubule
Question 62
0 out of 1 points
A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients
with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the professor
should review this material?
Selected
Answer:
Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of
increased ammonia.
Question 63
1 out of 1 points
What physical sign does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent
blood flow through a vessel?
Selected
Answer:
Murmur heard on
auscultation
Question 64
1 out of 1 points
A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a
hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best?
Selected Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turnAnswer: off the system.
Question 65
1 out of 1 points
A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What
statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review?
Selected
Answer:
Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the
mucosa to acid.
Question 66
0 out of 1 points
The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells?
Selected
Answer:
Fibroblast
cells
Question 67
0 out of 1 points
What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin
secretion?
Selected
Answer:
Macula
densa
Question 68
0 out of 1 points
A patient has been diagnosed with primary emphysema but claims there is no history of
smoking. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
Selected
Answer:
Get baseline arterial blood
gasses.
Question 69
0 out of 1 points
The student asks the professor to explain what characteristic is demonstrated by lungs
with decreased compliance?Selected
Answer:
Inability to diffuse
oxygen
Question 70
0 out of 1 points
The student wants information about a patient's renal function. What test does the
healthcare professional tell the student to evaluate?
Selected
Answer:
Serum blood urea nitrogen and
creatinine
Question 71
1 out of 1 points
Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting
duct?
Selected
Answer:
Antidiuretic
hormone
Question 72
1 out of 1 points
When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is
associated with only DKA?
Selected
Answer:
Kussmaul
respirations
Question 73
1 out of 1 points
A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a
positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare
professional?
Selected
Answer:
Serum
calcium
Question 74
1 out of 1 pointsA parent wants to know how to prevent type 1 diabetes in the newborn. The healthcare
professional explains that prevention is not possible, because which of these is a major
characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Selected
Answer:
An autoimmune cause
factor
Question 75
0 out of 1 points
A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the function of the papillary
muscles. What response by the professional is best?
Selected
Answer:
The papillary muscles open the
semilunar valves.
Question 76
1 out of 1 points
The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac
location?
Selected
Answer:
Atri
a
Question 77
0 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional
assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Selected
Answer:
Anterior pituitary
tumor
Question 78
1 out of 1 points
A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions
within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare
professional monitor the patient for?
Selected
Answer:
Hemosidero
sis
Question 791 out of 1 points
A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the
healthcare professional associate with this condition?
Selected
Answer:
Low platelet
count
Question 80
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would
the student expect to see when examining this patient?
Selected
Answer:
Signs of decreased cardiac
output
Question 81
0 out of 1 points
Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?
Selected
Answer:
The response is innate, rather than
acquired.
Question 82
1 out of 1 points
Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant?
Selected
Answer:
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting
DNA synthesis.
Question 83
1 out of 1 points
A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching.
What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Selected
Answer:
Ca ++: 8.2
mg/dL
Question 84
0 out of 1 pointsWhat are tumor cell markers?
Selected
Answer:
Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified
and marked
Question 85
1 out of 1 points
A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D]
immunoglobulin with her, what information should the healthcare professional provide?
Selected
Answer:
It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the
newborn.
Question 86
1 out of 1 points
If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
curve to react in which manner?
Selected
Answer:
Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O 2) to be
released to the cells
Question 87
1 out of 1 points
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
Selected
Answer:
It converts RNA into doublestranded DNA.
Question 88
0 out of 1 points
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by
shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Selected
Answer:
Oxyg
en
Question 89
1 out of 1 pointsA female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
What self-care measure does the healthcare provider teach the patient that is specific to
this type of infection?
Selected
Answer:
After using the bathroom, wipe from front
to back.
Question 90
0 out of 1 points
During the cardiac cycle, why do the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the
ventricles relax?
Selected
Answer:
Reduced pressure in the ventricles creates a negative pressure,
which pulls the valves closed.
Question 91
1 out of 1 points
What is the blood type of a person who is heterozygous, having A and B alleles as
codominant?
Selected
Answer:
AB
Question 92
1 out of 1 points
Where is two thirds of the body's water found?
Selected
Answer:
Intracellular fluid
compartments
Question 93
0 out of 1 points
The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both
directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell
membranes. What response by the professor is best?
Selected
Answer:
A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of
the cell membranes cannot be maintained.
Question 94
1 out of 1 pointsA healthcare professional is assessing a child who has complete trisomy of the twentyfirst chromosome. What findings does the professional relate to this condition?
Selected
Answer:
An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat,
low-set ears
Question 95
1 out of 1 points
A patient had a motor vehicle crash and suffered critical injuries to the brainstem. What
physiological responses would the healthcare professional expect to see?
Selected
Answer:
Pulse and blood pressure
changes
Question 96
1 out of 1 points
How do free radicals cause cell damage?
Selected
Answer:
Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of
the cell membrane
Question 97
1 out of 1 points
What is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to
increase the reabsorptive surface area called?
Selected
Answer:
Proximal convoluted
tubules
Question 98
0 out of 1 points
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Selected
Answer:
Emigration of
neutrophils
Question 99
1 out of 1 pointsAfter a partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that
include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the
results of which mechanism?
Selected
Answer:
Rapid gastric
emptying
Question 100
0 out of 1 points
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
Selected
Answer:
Potassium 2.5
mEq/L [Show Less]