ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
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Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia. - ....ANSWER...A
Which of the following is not characteristic of cellular dysplasia?
a. variation in size and shape of cells
b. small, pale nuclei
c. disorderly arrangement of cells
d. preneoplastic change - ....ANSWER...B
If a normal individual began to take cortisol 100 mgs. every day as a medication, which of the following would result? a. hypertrophy of the adrenal gland
b. hyperplasia of the adrenal gland
c. atrophy of the adrenal gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland - ....ANSWER...C
If a normal individual began to take thyroid hormone 100 mcgs. every day as a medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
c. atrophy of the thyroid gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland - ....ANSWER...B
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it results in which of the following? a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to apoproteins - ....ANSWER...A
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene. b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - ....ANSWER...E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they transform from undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the apoptosis promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
b. Fas.
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - ....ANSWER...C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate problems in the liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase d. all of the above
e. none of the above - ....ANSWER...D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine generating cells in the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a decrease in the amount of
glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for this theory is which of the following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. - ....ANSWER...C
Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging? a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies
b. may result from damage accumulation
c. both are true
d. neither is true - ....ANSWER...C
In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following?
a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are preprogrammed.
b. The number of cell doublings is limited.
c. There is oxygen toxicity.
d. Cell permeability decreases. - ....ANSWER...D
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - ...ANSWER...A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - ...ANSWER...A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - ...ANSWER...D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which of the following? a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - ...ANSWER...B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ...ANSWER...C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ...ANSWER...A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty acids? a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - ...ANSWER...C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - ...ANSWER...B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - ...ANSWER...A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to ____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - ...ANSWER...B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - ...ANSWER...D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis? a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological. b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process. c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. d. all of the above. - ...ANSWER...D
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The
population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - ....ANSWER...A
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. definition of the disease
d. outcome of the disease - ....ANSWER...B
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"? a. objective and measurable
b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above - ....ANSWER...D
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the end of 1992 for AIDS? a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 - ....ANSWER...B
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students who are pregnant? a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary - ....ANSWER...B
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results in which of the following? a. bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
b. alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells c. reduced energy production in myocardial cells d. activation of the complement system - ....ANSWER...C
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - ....ANSWER...A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - ....ANSWER...A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - ....ANSWER...D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which of the following? a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - ....ANSWER...B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ....ANSWER...C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ....ANSWER...A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty acids? a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - ....ANSWER...C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - ....ANSWER...B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - ....ANSWER...A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to ____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - ....ANSWER...B
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is associated with which of the following? a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above - ....ANSWER...C
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis? a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological. b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. d. all of the above. - ....ANSWER...D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as: a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - ....ANSWER...D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called: a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ....ANSWER...C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury? a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals. b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. - ....ANSWER...B
Which of the following best describes free radicals? a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are removed by endogenous antioxidants c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - ....ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following? a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis and apoptosis? a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. - ....ANSWER...C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is which of the following? a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia - ....ANSWER...B
Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic - ....ANSWER...A
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as: a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - ...ANSWER...D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called: a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ...ANSWER...C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - ...ANSWER...D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury? a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals. b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. - ...ANSWER...B
Which of the following best describes free radicals? a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are removed by endogenous antioxidants c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - ...ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following? a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ...ANSWER...D [Show Less]