Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*:
2. Risk: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or
... [Show More] situations that increase the likelihood of encoun- tering a stressor
3. Prevalence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
4. Incidence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's prob- ability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
5. Ratio: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
6. Primary Prevention: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for suscepti- ble persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
7. Secondary Prevention: Early detection, screening, and management of dis- ease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
8. Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
9. Epidemiology: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examin- ing the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of dis- eases in large groups of populations/people
10. Endemic: A disease theat is native to a local region
11. Epidemic: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time (spread to many people at the same time)
12. Pandemic: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
13. *Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*:
14. Homeostasis: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
15. Exhausation: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
16. Allostatic Overload: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
17. Adaptation: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
18. Arousal: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
19. Function of Cortisol: Primary glucocorticoid Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
20. *Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*:
21. Endocrine Communication: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream Long range signaling
22. Neurocrine Communication: Neurons firing information through synapses Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
23. Paracrine Communcation: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
24. Autocrine Communcation: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
25. Describe an Action Potential: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channe sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membra sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium c and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
26. Describe a Resting Action Potential: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
27. Take Home Message About Action Potentials: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+ Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
28. Depolarization: As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
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