Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Sodium: 135-145
Chloride: 98-107
**Potassium: 3.5-5.0
Calcium: 8.6-10.2
Phosphate: 2.7-4.5
Magnesium:
... [Show More] 1.5-2.5
Albumin: 3.5-5.0
common food sources of potassium
avocado, bananas, cantaloupe, carrots, fish, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork, beef, veal, raisins, spinach, strawberries, and tomatoes.
Signs of hypocalcemia
paresthesias followed by numbness, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and a positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign, increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle cramps, twitching, tetany, seizures, irritability, and anxiety, increased gastric motility, hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea, prolonged QT interval and prolonged ST segment
hypercalcemia
shortened ST segment and a widened T wave
hyponatremia
Hyperactive bowel sounds, flat neck veins, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, increased urinary output, and decreased specific gravity
hypernatremia
Muscle twitches, Decreased urinary output, increased specific gravity of the urine
hypermagnesemia
drowsiness, sedation, lethargy, respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and areflexia.
low levels of albumin cause
edema! And drug toxicity if drug requires albumin to bind!
5 Rights of delegation
-Right Task: can be delegated, normally repetitive and requires little supervision and is predictable
-Right Circumstance: right setting and environment
-Right Person: 3 implications: right person delegating right task to right person to be performed to right person
-Right Direction: communication, clear concise description of task
-Right Supervision: monitor task, give evaluation
essential steps of effective supervision
direction, evaluation, and follow-up
SBAR
Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendation
6 Rights of Medication
Right Patient
Right Medication
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Documentation
...also right evaluation & always assess after giving meds
hemoglobin
male 14-18 g/dL
female 12-16 g/dL
pregnant >11 g/dL
hematocrit
male 42-52%
female 37-47%
pregnant >33% [Show Less]