ACS GEN CHEM 1 FINAL Exam 166 Questions with Verified Answers
The physical material of the universe. It is anything that has mass and occupies space. -
... [Show More] CORRECT ANSWER Matter
is made up of relatively few elements. - CORRECT ANSWER Matter
The smallest building block of matter. Smallest particle that retains the chemical property of the element (O, He, S). - CORRECT ANSWER Atom
Each _______ is made of the same kind of atom - CORRECT ANSWER Element
Combination of atoms held together in specific shapes - CORRECT ANSWER Molecule
No fixed volume or shape, conforms to
volume and shape of container, is compressible - CORRECT ANSWER Gas
Individual particles are confined to a given volume, liquid flows (no definite shape) and assumes the shape of its container up to the volume of the liquid, slightly compressible - CORRECT ANSWER Liquid
Rigid with definite shape, very slightly compressible - CORRECT ANSWER Solid
these stable diatomics - CORRECT ANSWER H2,O2, N2, and the Halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
Different samples of any pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass - CORRECT ANSWER Law of Constant (Definite) Composition
characteristics of a substance. Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance - CORRECT ANSWER Physical Properties
Describes the reactivity of a substance. Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical properties:
Does not depend on amount. - CORRECT ANSWER Intensive property :
Depends on amount. - CORRECT ANSWER Extensive property
Substances transform into chemically different substances - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical change
No change in chemical composition - CORRECT ANSWER Physical change
How close to the true value a given measurement is. - CORRECT ANSWER Accuracy
How well a number of independent measurements agree with one another. - CORRECT ANSWER Precision
Electrons were discovered by ______ in 1897, while
Millikan's Oil Drop experiment determined its charge.
• Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. - CORRECT ANSWER J.J. Thompson
Postulated a very small, dense nucleus with the electrons around the outside of the atom. Most of the volume of the atom is empty space. - CORRECT ANSWER Rutherford
Protons were discovered by______in 1919. - CORRECT ANSWER Rutherford
Neutrons were discovered by________ in 1932. - CORRECT ANSWER James Chadwick
1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.
4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. - CORRECT ANSWER Dalton's Atomic Theory
Organic alkANEs - CORRECT ANSWER Mother Eats Peanut Butter:
Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Butane: C4H10
...then greek prefixes
Uniform throughout, air, milk, sea water - CORRECT ANSWER Homogeneous mixture
Not uniform, chocolate chip cookie - CORRECT ANSWER Heterogenous mixture
When an element has a change in mass number, or neutrons - CORRECT ANSWER isotope
A species of an element in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. - CORRECT ANSWER Ion
Each isotope of an atom has a different number of neutrons. - CORRECT ANSWER Isotope
mols/L; mmols/mL - CORRECT ANSWER Molarity
The lighter a gas's atomic weight, the faster it will escape a container. - CORRECT ANSWER Graham's Law of Effusion
The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg). - CORRECT ANSWER Normal Melting Point
The point at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm. - CORRECT ANSWER Boiling Point
change in spontaneity of a system. - CORRECT ANSWER Free Energy
Amount of energy required to raise the water surrounding the chamber of the bomb calorimeter by one °C - CORRECT ANSWER Calorimeter Constant
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH = change in enthalpy and ΔS = change in entropy. - CORRECT ANSWER Gibbs Free Energy
change in energy of a system. - CORRECT ANSWER Enthalpy
change in chaos of a system. - CORRECT ANSWER Entropy
Two atoms with the same charge. - CORRECT ANSWER Isoelectric
An insulated container used to study reactions at a constant volume. - CORRECT ANSWER Bomb Calorimeter
Same as specific heat, but requirement for raising 1 mole of a substance by one °C. - CORRECT ANSWER Molar Heat Capacity
The energy required to break a bond, and the energy released when a bond is formed. - CORRECT ANSWER Bond Energy
The component of a chemical reaction that will be completely used up first. - CORRECT ANSWER Limiting Reagent
Can be g/mol, kg/kmol, mg/mmol, etc. - CORRECT ANSWER Atomic Mass
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one °C. (units: J x g⁻¹ x °C⁻¹) - CORRECT ANSWER Specific Heat
(J) mass (g) x specific heat (J x g⁻¹ x °C⁻¹) x ΔT (°C) - CORRECT ANSWER Heat (q)
A covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom; occurs most often between Lewis acids and bases. - CORRECT ANSWER Coordinate Covalent Bonding
22.414 L/mol @ STP - CORRECT ANSWER Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas
The volume occupied by one mole of a substance. - CORRECT ANSWER Molar Volume (Vm)
CxHy + (x + y/4)O₂ → xCO₂ + y/2H₂O - CORRECT ANSWER Combustion of a Hydrocarbon
Two molecules that are composed of the same type and number of elements but are arranged in different ways and have different properties are isomers. - CORRECT ANSWER Isomer
V - N - (B/2) where V = total valence e⁻, N = non-bonding e⁻, and B = bonding e⁻. - CORRECT ANSWER Formal charge
Has a unique structure; O-Si-O bonds are always 109.5°. - CORRECT ANSWER Silicon Dioxide
Mathematical procedure in which the standard atomic orbitals combine to form new orbitals. - CORRECT ANSWER Hybridization
Occurs when three atoms and one non-bonding pair is arranged around a central atom. Polar. - CORRECT ANSWER Trigonal Pyramidal
Arrangement of four objects around a central atom. Non-polar. - CORRECT ANSWER Tetrahedral
Occurs when one non-bonding pairs and two atoms are arranged around a central atom. Polar. - CORRECT ANSWER Bent
Arrangement of two objects around a central atom. Non-polar. - CORRECT ANSWER Linear
Orbital Composed of one s and one p orbital; can hold four electrons. Linear. - CORRECT ANSWER sp
Bonding occurs between orbitals that are side-by-side. - CORRECT ANSWER Pi Bonding
Orbital Composed of one s orbital and two p orbitals; can hold six total electrons. Trigonal planar. - CORRECT ANSWER sp²
Two atoms with the same number of neutrons. - CORRECT ANSWER Isotopic
Formed by head-on overlapping between orbitals. - CORRECT ANSWER Sigma Bonding
When hydrogen is attracted to electronegative atoms. - CORRECT ANSWER Hydrogen Bonding
Occur in the third row of the periodic table and beyond in elements that can form stable bonds with more than eight electrons. Eg. XeF₂ - CORRECT ANSWER Expanded Octets
Occur in elements that can form stable bonds with less than eight electrons. Eg. BF₃ - CORRECT ANSWER Incomplete Octets
The 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital, but listed after. - CORRECT ANSWER Transition Metal Orbitals
Compounds with an odd number of electrons in their Lewis Structure. Eg. NO₂ - CORRECT ANSWER Free Radicals
The way that three objects will arrange themselves around a central atom. Non-polar. - CORRECT ANSWER Trigonal Planar
Orbital An orbital composed of one s orbital and three p orbitals; can hold eight total electrons. Tetrahedral. - CORRECT ANSWER sp³
A molecule that is mostly positive on one side and mostly negative on the other. - CORRECT ANSWER Polar Molecule
Two equally correct arrangements of one molecule's electrons; generally the molecule exists as an average of the two. - CORRECT ANSWER Resonance Structures
Tetrahedral Bond Angle - CORRECT ANSWER 109.5°
to lose electrons and form positive ions. - CORRECT ANSWER Electropositive
Atoms that possess a permanent magnetic charge due to the presence of unpaired electrons. - CORRECT ANSWER Paramagnetic
only group to have all three phases - CORRECT ANSWER Halogens
also know as atomic weight - CORRECT ANSWER Average atomic mass
Metal atom + metal atom -->,"sea of electrons" - CORRECT ANSWER Metalic bonding
Non-metal atom + non-metal atom - CORRECT ANSWER covalent bonding
sharing of electrons - CORRECT ANSWER covalent bonding
metal atom + non-metal atom --> - CORRECT ANSWER ionic bonding
transferring of electrons - CORRECT ANSWER ionic
assemblies of two or more atoms bonded together - CORRECT ANSWER molecules
ethyl alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER C2H6O
give the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecules - CORRECT ANSWER molecular formula
give the relative numbers and types of atoms in a molecule - CORRECT ANSWER empirical formula
metals usually form - CORRECT ANSWER cations
non-metals usually form - CORRECT ANSWER anions
the charge on one ion will become the ___ on the other - CORRECT ANSWER subscript
cations formed from metal will have - CORRECT ANSWER the same name as the metal
added to represent the lower charged cations - CORRECT ANSWER ous
added to represent the higher charged cations - CORRECT ANSWER ic
added to cations formed from non-metals - CORRECT ANSWER ium
added to the end of a monatomic anion (has 3 exceptions:) - CORRECT ANSWER ide
more than one atom but still +ide:
hydroxide, cyanide, peroxide
hydroxide - CORRECT ANSWER OH-
cyanide - CORRECT ANSWER CN-
peroxide - CORRECT ANSWER O2^2-
is added to the most common or sole oxyanion of the element - CORRECT ANSWER ate
ex. CO3^2- = carbonate, CrO4^2- = chromate
is used for an oxyanion with the same charge but one less O atom - CORRECT ANSWER ite
ex. SO4^2- = sulfATE but SO3^2- = sulfITE
NO3- = nitrATE, but NO2- = nitrITE
oxyanions with more than two members in the series are named: - CORRECT ANSWER (Halogens, except F)
per....-ate
-ate
-ite
hypo....-ite
if ____ide + H - CORRECT ANSWER hydro____ic acid
if ____ate + H - CORRECT ANSWER _______ic acid
if _____ite + H - CORRECT ANSWER ______ous acid
prefixes used in naming binary compounds formed between nonmetals - CORRECT ANSWER mono----1
di----2
tri----3
tetra---4
penta----5
hexa----6
hepta---7
octa----8
nona----9
deca----10
homogenous mixture of two or more substances - CORRECT ANSWER solution
is dissolved in another substance - CORRECT ANSWER solute
solutions when water is the solvent - CORRECT ANSWER aqueous
a substances dissolves in water to give an electrically conducting soon by producing ions, responsible for electric flow in soln - CORRECT ANSWER electrolyte
a substance that does not form conducting ions, no charge - CORRECT ANSWER non-electrolyte
completely dissociate in a soln - CORRECT ANSWER strong electrolyte
dissolve in water to give relatively small percentage of ions - CORRECT ANSWER weak electrolyte
involve swapping ions in soln - CORRECT ANSWER Methathesis
reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product - CORRECT ANSWER precipitation reactions
equation lists all the ions - CORRECT ANSWER complete ionic equation
all species listed as if they were molecules - CORRECT ANSWER molecular equation
lists only the species undergoing change - CORRECT ANSWER net ionic equation
7 Strong acids: - CORRECT ANSWER HCl, HBr, HI (halides), HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3, HClO4
7 Strong Bases - CORRECT ANSWER LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
occurs when a solution of an acid and base are mixed - CORRECT ANSWER neutralization reaction, H2O + salt
often referred to as redox reactions - CORRECT ANSWER oxidation- reduction reactions
involve the full or partial transfer of electrons from one species to another during an rxn - CORRECT ANSWER redox rxns
atom, molecule or ion becomes more positively charged , reducing agent - CORRECT ANSWER oxidized
atom, molecule or ion that has become more negatively charged/ less positively charged, oxidizing agent - CORRECT ANSWER reduced
measure of the electron control than an atom has in a compound compared to the atom in a pure element - CORRECT ANSWER oxidation number
analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration of a solute in a solution - CORRECT ANSWER Titration
Moles of solute per liter of solution - CORRECT ANSWER molarity
1. Energy can not be created or destroyed
2. energy of (system + surroundings) is constant
3. any energy transferred from a system must be transferred to the surroundings (and vise versa)
4. ∆E = q + w - CORRECT ANSWER First Law of Thermodynamics
sum of kinetic and potential energies of the particles that make up the system - CORRECT ANSWER internal engergy
if heat is absorbed q is: - CORRECT ANSWER positive
if heat is evolved q is: - CORRECT ANSWER negative
if work is done on the sysytem w is: - CORRECT ANSWER positive
if work is done by the system - CORRECT ANSWER negative
system absorbs heat from its surroundings, q is positive - CORRECT ANSWER endothermic
system flows heat to the surroundings - CORRECT ANSWER exothermic
breakinga bond is ___ - CORRECT ANSWER endo thermic
internal energy is a ___ function - CORRECT ANSWER state
depends only on the present state of the function, not the path taken to get there - CORRECT ANSWER state function
electromagnetic spectrum - CORRECT ANSWER gamma, x-rays, UV, viable, IR, microwave, radio
energy can only be absorbed or released from atoms in certain amounts called ___ - CORRECT ANSWER quanta
radiant energy composed of only one wavelength - CORRECT ANSWER monochromatic
radiant energy containing light of all wavelengths - CORRECT ANSWER continuous
devised a rule for quantifying the specific levels of energy in an atom (energy levels) - CORRECT ANSWER Bohr
showed a simple equation to produce the wavelengths of the lines in the visible line spectrum of hydrogen - CORRECT ANSWER J.J. Balmer
Applies to all lines of hydrogen - CORRECT ANSWER Rydberg equation
Replaced the speed of light, c, with velocity of a material particle, v, - CORRECT ANSWER de Broglie
showed that the more precisely the momentum is known the less precisely it position is known - CORRECT ANSWER Heisenburg
propsed an equation that contains both wave and particle terms, leads to the wave function, requires three quantum numbers, n, l and m - CORRECT ANSWER Schrodinger
the square of the wave function gives the - CORRECT ANSWER probability density
no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers - CORRECT ANSWER Pauli's Exclusion Principle
Said energy is released or absorbed from atoms in quantized packets E= nhv (where n= whole numbers) - CORRECT ANSWER Planck
radiant energy (light) is quantized in packets called photons E(photons)= nhv - CORRECT ANSWER Einstein
the electron in hydrogen can only occupy "orbits" with fixed energy E= -2.18x10^-18J (1/n) where n is the orbit number - CORRECT ANSWER Bohr
experimentally verified deBroglie's theory - CORRECT ANSWER Davisson and Germer
increases down a column and across a row right to left - CORRECT ANSWER atomic radii
smaller than their parent ion - CORRECT ANSWER cations
larger than their parent ions - CORRECT ANSWER anions
increases up a column and from left to right across a row - CORRECT ANSWER ionization energy
increases across row left to right, does not change much in a column - CORRECT ANSWER electron affinity
shiny/lustrous, malleable, ductable, their oxides form from basic ionic solids, and they tend to form cations in aqueous solution - CORRECT ANSWER metallic characteristics
more diverse in their behavior than metals - CORRECT ANSWER non-metals
generally don't conduct heat or electricity, lower melting/boiling points, have high ionization energies, have large negative electron affinities - CORRECT ANSWER nonmetals
1. areas of high electron density "domains" repel each other
2. the electron domains arrange themselves as far apart as possible on the central atom
3. the molecule adopts whichever 3D geometry minimized this repulsion and this controls the geometry around the central atom - CORRECT ANSWER Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSPEPR)
strong attraction between magnetic field and molecule - CORRECT ANSWER paramagnetism
weak repulsion between magnetic field and molecule - CORRECT ANSWER diamagnetism
neutrons were discovered by: - CORRECT ANSWER James Chadwick
electrons were discovered by - CORRECT ANSWER Millikan's oil drop experiment [Show Less]