Indirect Instruction
student-centered and interactive; teachers facilitate small-group & cooperative learning
Indirect instruction aids with
... [Show More] teaching...
abstraction, concepts, patterns, inquiry, problem-solving and discovery learning
Direct Instruction
teacher-centered; teachers give explicit, structured instruction using lesson plans
Direct instruction aids with teaching...
facts, rules, & sequences; breaking down textbook or workbook material; lower Bloom's Taxonomy; & gaining student interest
What essential cognitive process do many students fail to do before beginning activities, and why is this step important?
Planning; Planning is important because students use working memory to rehearse information in short-term memory and prompt the move into long-term memory for retention
Deductive Learning
1. Overall concept or rule presented.
2. Students work with examples to apply concept or rule.
(rule --> examples)
Inductive Learning
1. Students study examples of content.
2. Students make generalizations, leading to an understanding of the rule
(examples --> rule)
Deductive Reasoning
top-down, general-to-specific process; beginning from a general theory --> narrowing down to a more specific hypothesis --> testing --> drawing specific conclusions; moving from generalizing (or rule) to specific examples or activities
Inductive Reasoning
bottom-up, specific-to-general process; beginning from accumulating specific info --> identifying principles --> drawing conclusions or general principles; moving from specific examples to generalizing (or a rule)
How can teachers structure class logically?
1. Present problems, then solutions.
2. Frame topics as stories.
3. Chronologically recount processes & events
3. Show interconnected ideas' relationships to overarching themes.
4. Share outlines.
5. Transition between topics using mini summaries, connections or verbal signals
What are some methods to aid in student comprehension & emphasize importance?
1. Repeat key concepts & ideas.
2. Compare & Contrast
3. Summarize
4. Use analogies & metaphors. [Show Less]