Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
connected with IDEA - students spend as much time as possible mainstreamed in general education courses
IEP
... [Show More] Goals and objectives
one annual goal: 3 objectives // smaller benchmarks that the client will meet throughout the year
Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
federal law passed in 1975 // required schools to provide education to eligible individuals // Purpose: FAPE - free and public education
3 term contingency
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Matching Law
intensity of reinforcement matches the intensity of the unexpected demand
Satiation
Satisfaction "having your fill of something"
deprivation
no continuous access to item
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
negative reinforcement
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
negative punishment
A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.
schedules of reinforcement
different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
continous reinforcement
a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
fixed interval
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed ratio
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable ratio
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
shaping
reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
forward chaining
used when the first steps are easier than the last. Fades prompts from first steps, then second step, and so on. Client should independently complete the first steps and BI prompts everything else
backward chaining
most commonly used. Fade prompts from the last steps and so on. BI prompts all the beginning steps and client should independently complete the last steps
Types of prompting
Least to most: Postural , gestural, model , visual , verbal , physical
response generalization
giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus "being able to respond with sandals, tennis shoes, heels all in response to the SD "shoes"
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response "recognizing a dog when you see it on tv , park, outside"
DTT (Discrete Trial Training)
Break skills down into smaller steps , teach single discrete specific behaviors. Once specific behaviors are mastered we chain to get more complex behaviors
Errorless learning
strategy that ensures the child always responds correctly
serial thinking
theory that autistic children cant process more than one piece of information at a time
Functions of behavior
1. Sensory/Automatic Reinforcement
2. Social Attention
3. Tangibles/Access
4. Escape/Avoidance
Perservaration
behavior that is repetitive in nature, get stuck on reading he schedule of the day over and over again
BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan)
provides proactive and reactive strategies to problem behaviors // helps relate behavior reduction goals with objectives and describes the plans to meet those goals
What can be created after an FBA is conducted?
BIP
Functional Behavior Assessments or FBAs helps determine what relationship?
The relationship between goals and objectives.
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
analytical process based on observations, review of records, interviews and dat analysis to determine the function the behavior serves for the student, how that function can be met more appropriately and how the environment can be altered to better support general positive behaviors
Who conducts FBA?
school psychologist but may be conducted by any qualified or trained person on the IEP team including SLPs and teachers
exclusionary
removing the client from the reinforcing environment ( student is throwing sand so he is sent inside to work) [Show Less]