A-Level Edexcel Mathematics Pure
Maths Paper 1 2023 (Summer 2023)
How do you make tertiary chloroalkanes? - ANS-Tertiary alcohol +
concentrated
... [Show More] HCl
How do you make bromoalkanes? - ANS-Alcohols + HBr or PBr3
What compound is used to oxidise alcohols? - ANS-Acidified potassium
dichromate (can be used to distinguish between types of alcohols)
What does a primary alcohol oxidise to? - ANS-first: aldehyde
second: carboxylic acid
What does a secondary alcohol oxidise to? - ANS-Ketone
Why do tertiary alcohols not oxidise? - ANS-There are no available
hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom
How can you make alkenes from alcohols? - ANS-Dehydrate them with
concentrated phosphoric acid
Halogenoalkanes + water - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms alcohols,
needs to be carried out in presence of ethanol to dissolve halogenoalkane
Halogenoalkane + hydroxide ions - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms
alcohols (in presence of silver nitrate, silver halide precipitates form), can
heat to increase rate of reaction
Halogenoalkanes + cyanide ions - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms a
nitrile and increases carbon chain length; must heat under reflux
Halogenoalkanes + ammonia - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms
aminoalkanes and ammonium salts; must use excess ammonia in a
closed, heated container
How to make halogenoalkanes from alkanes? - ANS-(for chlorine and
bromine) heat/expose to UV light to create free radicals
Mass spectrometry - ANS-using lasers to ionise atoms into cations, then
measure the abundance and mass using their mass-to-charge ratios
Mass to charge ratio - ANS-the mass of an ion divided by its charge
(usually +1 in mass spectrometry)
units: m/z
relative atomic mass - ANS-the average mass of an atom of an element
relative to 1/12 of an atom of the isotope C-12
relative isotopic mass - ANS-the relative mass an atom of an isotope
relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C-12 atom
relative molecular mass - ANS-the relative mass of a molecule, differs due
to different isotopes of the atoms in the molecule
relative formula mass - ANS-the average mass the atoms within a unit,
used with large ionic compounds where there are more atoms than given
in the chemical formula
avogadros constant - ANS-the number of particles in 1 mole: 6.02 * 10^23
empirical formula - ANS-the simplest ratio of elements in a compoud
percentage composition - ANS-the percentage by mass of each element
in a compound
gas laws - ANS-show how the volume of a gas depends on 3 things:
- temperature (T)
- pressure (p)
- quantity of gas in moles (n)
ideal gas - ANS-a hypothetical gas that perfectly obeys all of the gas laws
ideal gas equation - ANS-pV=nRT
value of R in ideal gas equation - ANS-8.31 (the gas constant)
Principal quantum number - ANS-the main energy level of an electron (n)
First Ionisation Energy - ANS-the energy required to remove 1 electron
from each gaseous atom in 1 mole of atoms to become +1 gaseous
cations
First Ionisation Energy Equation (using element Z) - ANS-Z(g) --> Z+1(g) +
e-1
Second Ionisation Energy - ANS-energy required to remove 1 electron
from each +1 cation in 1 mole of gaseous ions so each becomes +2
gaseous cations
Periodicity - ANS-trend in element properties with increasing atomic
number in a period
Shielding - ANS-a decrease in the nuclear charge experienced by
electrons caused by electron-electron repulsion between electron shells
Exceptions to Aufbau Principle - ANS-chromium (4s1 3d5) and copper
(4s1 3d10) [Show Less]