2023 NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology 100% Pass Final Exam Review Study Guide (Latest Update) Rasmussen.
Patho Section 1
Cell & Tissue
... [Show More] Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells.
Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue.
Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure. Neoplasm: tumor.
Cell Damage
Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems. Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.
Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na. Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation,
disruption of cell membrane.
Micro-organisms
Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism. Nutritional Deficits
Cell Death
Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics. Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.
Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes. Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation.
Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy.
Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids.
Tissue Damage from Chemicals Exogenous: from environment. Endogenous: from inside the body,
Tissue Damage from Physical Agents
Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓ blood pressure.
Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume.
Radiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells Biological Agents
Insects/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious agent, allergic reaction to insect proteins.
Food Poisoning Normal Defenses of the Body
1st Line Defense
Physical Barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes, nasal hair, clots. Fluids: may contain enzymes or chemicals:saliva, tears, gastric, sweat.
2nd Line Defense-non-specific [Show Less]